170 JAMES A. WEISHEIPL 



ing intellect, giving the soul the idea and the desire to move, 

 is the true immediate mover of the universe. 



As St. Albert understands it, when Aristotle speaks of the 

 heavens or the celestial bodies, he usually means the composite 

 of soul and body, mover and moved; the heavens are for Aris- 

 totle animated substances {substantiae animatae) . While it 

 is easier to talk of the sun as though it were a simple substance, 

 the movement of the sun is complex and due to many animated 

 substances. For Aristotle at least the diurnal, longitudinal and 

 latitudinal motions are distinct; each of these is caused by an 

 animated celestial body. Ultimately these motions of the sun 

 and all other planetary motions are due to the diurnal motion 

 of the entire universe, the primum caelum, the first animated 

 cause of the universe. 



Now the animated substance is the cause not only of inanimate 

 substances, but also of their order and motion. According to the 

 teaching of the Peripatetics, this animated substance is the corpus 

 caeli. Moreover, it was shown in Book VIII of the Physics that the 

 first mover, which is a composite of mover and moved, or pushed, 

 is the first heaven (primum caelum.) . In this manner it was there- 

 fore shown that the animate precedes the inanimate. We have 

 likewise shown in that same place at the end of Book VIII of the 

 Physics, first that the first mover is absolutely simple, and that this, 

 since it is related to the first body as its mover, unquestionably will 

 have the character of soul, and not nature (pro certo habebit 

 rationem animae et non naturae) , because nature never moves that 

 body whose nature it is according to local motion.^^ 



Plato, according to St. Albert, stopped here with the anima 

 mundi as God, but Aristotle realized that each soul, since it is 

 moved along with the body, must be moved by the desire for 

 some absolutely separated intelligence. Thus for Aristotle the 

 separated intelligence known and desired by the first animated 

 mover is the actual source of all physical movement and the 

 ultimate end of every celestial motion. There is, in other words, 

 a hierarchy of intelligences proportioned to the various orders 

 of animated substances. There is, for example, at least one illu- 



■*' St. Albert, Lib. XI Metaph., tr. I, c. 13, ed. cit., VI, 604b. 



