EVOLUTION AND ENTROPY 313 



lead to a thinning out of material. By the perfect cosmological 

 principle [by which Bondi means, roughly, the uniformity of nature] 

 the average density of matter must not undergo a secular change. 

 There is only one way in which a constant density can be com- 

 patible with a motion of expansion, and that is by the continual 

 creation of matter.^^ 



The continuous-creation theory must not be confused with 

 pair-formation where an electron and a positron are " created," 

 as the physicist says, from electric field.*'' And above all, the 

 continuous-creation, in view of its proponents, must not be 

 regarded as requiring a Creator. As Hoyle writes, " The most 

 obvious question to ask about continuous creation is this: 

 Where does the created material come from.'^ It does not come 

 from anywhere. Material simply appears — it is created." ^^ 

 Lyttleton affirms that the appearance of newly created hydro- 

 gen " is a property of space itself. . . ." *^ 



By virtue of their theory of continuous creation, the steady- 

 state theorists in a sense would have to deny the process of 

 evolution we have described above or at least to qualify their 

 interpretation of evolutionary cosmogony. For them, the uni- 

 verse always was and always will be. As old galaxies recede 

 from view, new ones are formed. The work for these processes, 

 demanded by the classic formulation of energy laws, is 

 accounted for by the continuous creation of the " No. 1 ele- 

 ment." In this manner, the steady-state theorists believe they 

 can overcome the so-called " beginning " which appears so 

 mysterious within the usual canons of scientific investigation. 

 But as Milton Munitz has ably argued, the steady-state theory 

 does not eradicate the apparently mysterious principles from 

 cosmogony. It simply replaces one enigma w^ith another.*^ For 

 the continuous creation of new matter is just as mysterious 



«* Ibid. 



^° This is explained by Einstein's E=mc- and does not depart from the principle 

 of conservation of mass-energy. 



" Op. cit., p. 123. 



"Op. cit., p. 201. 



*^ " Creation and the ' New ' Cosmology," British Journal of the Philosophy of 

 Science, V (1954), 32 ff. 



