394 ALBERT S. MORACZEWSKI 



behavior may be influenced by his internal miHeu, but it is 

 not fully determined by it. For example, ingestion of various 

 drugs can accelerate or decrease reactions of the autonomic 

 nervous system even to the extent of inducing intense emo- 

 tional activity. The individual's behavior is clearly influenced, 

 but the ultimate determination of this behavior depends upon 

 intellect and will, unless the activity of these immaterial facul- 

 ties is completely inhibited. The dependence of rational ac- 

 tivities on the sensory functions imposes a kind of limitation 

 upon the intellect and will. If the operation of the pertinent 

 sensory faculties is impeded, then to some degree the function 

 of the intellect and will is also impaired. It is difficult to 

 determine the exact point at which the activities of intellect 

 and will may be completely inhibited. 



The biochemical substrata of the emotions have, of late, 

 received considerable experimental attention." Although emo- 

 tion, like sensation, is itself non-chemical, there are numerous 

 physiological and biochemical changes associated with an emo- 

 tion, just as there are numerous changes associated with cog- 

 nitive sensation. The physiological component of vision, for 

 example, includes a variety of biochemical changes. Light 

 impinging on the rods and cones in the retina is absorbed by 

 the photosensitive pigment and produces a series of trans- 

 formations leading to nervous excitation." The nerve impulses 

 sent along the optic tract are dependent on biochemical activi- 

 ties for their propagation inasmuch as restoration of the ion 

 gradient, for example, requires energy. Additional biochemical 

 changes are further associated with whatever neuronal activity 

 takes place at the central receptors after receiving the nerve 

 impulses. Finally, in the formation of the integrated sensory 

 image associations are made with past experience, and all of 



^^ H. F. Harlow and C. M. Wollsey, ed., Biological and Biochemical Basis of 

 Behavior (Madison: Univ. of Wis., 1958); L. J. West and M. Greenblatt, Explora- 

 tions in the Physiology of Emotions: Psychiatric Research Reports, 12 (January) , 

 1960. 



^* G. Wald, " The Photoreceptor Process in Vision," in Handbook of Physiology, 

 fd. cit.. Sect. I, vol. I, pp. 671-92. 



