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I 



EVOLUTION OF ANIMALS 



Part V 



Fig. 37.23. Concepts of the possible appearance of three ancient types of man 

 calculated from fossil remains. Hair and flesh have been added. Left, the "erect 

 ape man" or Pithecanthropus erectus whose remains were first found in Java, from 

 deposits by some estimates said to be about 500,000 years old. From other such 

 bones it is believed that erectus stood erect not with an apelike droop. Center, 

 Neanderthal man, Homo neanderthalensis was the first fossil type of man discov- 

 ered and is still the best known of the sub-human types. The first such fossil was 

 found in western Germany, in the Neander Valley. Since then more complete 

 remains of this race have been found at various places in Europe and the skeleton 

 is almost completely known. Right, Cro-Magnons, Homo sapiens. The Cro-Magnon 

 race may have been established by 40,000 B.C. and persisted until perhaps 13,000 

 years B.C. The name Cro-Magnon is from that of the French rock shelter where 

 a typical example of the race was found. Cro-Magnon artists wrought paintings 

 and carvings upon the walls of caves that are vivid and life-like after these thou- 

 sands of years. (Restorations by Dr. J. H. McGregor.) 



but with outthrust head. Comparison of the skulls of a gorilla and the Java 

 man shows them both chinless, the brow-ridge of the man lower, and the 

 front teeth smaller though tusklike compared with those of modern man. The 

 brain cavity is larger than that of the gorilla, but is only two- thirds that of any 

 modern man. No stone tools have been found associated with the Java man's 

 remains. 



Peking Man — Sinanthropus. Teeth and several crania from the Pleistocene 

 Epoch have been dug up and with them were numerous stone tools and evi- 

 dences of the use of fire. 



Piltdown Man — Eoanthropus. Fragments of a cranium, a jaw, and a few 

 teeth were discovered near Piltdown, in Sussex, England, in 1908. The fore- 

 head is upright, and the brow-ridge slight. The upper part of the face is human, 

 the lower part apelike. Tools of chipped flint were discovered in the vicinity. 



For several years curiosity, and respectful study were excited by the remains. 

 Authorities in paleontology wrote about it. Suspicions of its genuineness 

 finally developed. In 1953 a new examination proved the jaw to be that of a 

 modern chimpanzee and the worn surfaces of the teeth due to modern scrap- 



