Chap.«37 MAMMALS AND MANKIND 773 



ing. The Piltdown Man was changed to The Piltdown Fraud. The guilty party 

 has not been discovered. 



Heidelberg Man — Homo heidelbergensis. The remains consist of one com- 

 plete lower jaw with teeth. Evidently the jaw muscles were powerful. 



Neanderthal Man — Homo neanderthalensis. Bones of nearly 100 individuals 

 come from various localities in Europe but the type is described from those 

 found in the Neanderthal Valley in Germany (Fig. 37.23). The impressions of 

 the convolutions of the brain on the interior of the cranium are simpler than in 

 modern man. Skeletons found on the floors of caves along with tools and 

 weapons of chipped stone are estimated to be about 100,000 years old. 



Rhodesian Man — Homo rhodesiensis. The species is known only from a 

 cranium in a cave in Rhodesia, South Africa. The teeth are distinctly human. 



Cro-Magnon Man — Homo sapiens jossilis. Nearly complete skeletons have 

 been found in southwestern Europe, along with stone implements, sculpture, 

 and paintings of wild animals in the famous caves of France and Spain (Fig. 

 37.24). Cro-Magnon paintings are startlingly realistic, especially in the effects 

 of motion and hunting with stone points and bows. The estimated date of Cro- 

 Magnbns is about 60,000 B.C. 



Modern Man — Homo sapiens ( Wise Man) . All members of the human popu- 

 lation of the earth belong to a single species. There are no significant struc- 

 tural differences between them and all interbreed. Without regard for culture, 

 they are estimated to show 99.44 per cent of likeness and 0.56 of difference. 

 Homo sapiens is the only surviving species of those which laid the way for its 

 development, those that made the tools and weapons that are experiences of 

 mind preserved in stone and later in metal. These were passed on from one 

 generation to another and tied the past to the present. Time went on and more 

 tools were made; speech developed; and pictures were painted in the caves. All 

 of these contributed to continuity of ideas. Gradually, the species Homo sapiens 

 came into being, unique upon the earth, perhaps anywhere. 



Fig. 37.24. Paintings made by prehistoric man in the Cavern of Font-de-Gaume 

 in the Dordogne region of southwestern France. On the sides and ceiling of a 

 smooth-walled cave the artists engraved and painted in black, red and brown, fig- 

 ures of more than 80 animals. In this cave paintings are made over one another 

 and the earliest are the crudest. The work was probably done from memory by the 

 light of a torch or a grease lamp. (After Breuil. Courtesy, Cleland: Our Prehistoric 

 Ancestors. New York, Coward McCann, 1928.) 



