AF 23.1-31.1 ACCESSORY FIXATIVE FORMULAS 2G1 



AF 23 METHODS FOR SOFTENING CHITIN 



23.1 Formulas 



23.1 Cox If si. 1930 Eltringham Eltringham 1930, 93 



REAGENTS REQUIRED : A. 10% potassiuiii liydroxidoj B. 33% acetic acid 

 method: [fixed insects] -^ A, 24 hrs. — > wash, G his. —* B, I day — > wash, 6 hrs. — ♦ paraflin, 



via usual reagents 

 note: Eltringham {loc. cit.) finds "even the elytra of small beetles . . . sufficiently 



softened for sectioning in 58° paraffin." 



23.1 Eltringham 1930a Eltringham 1930, 94 



REAGENTS REQUIRED: A 6% sodiuiii hypoclilorito; B. F 5000.0040 Eltringham 1930 

 method: [fixed insects] -^ water —> /I, 30 hrs., 60°C. -^ wash, 4 hrs. — > /^, G days, 

 60°C. -^70% ale, boil 1 min. ^70% ale, 24 hrs. -^ paraffin, via cedar oil 



23.1 Eltringham 1930b Eltringham 1930, 95 



reagents required: A. 6% sodium hypochlorite; B. F 5000.0050 Kleinenberg 1879 

 method: [ale. fixed insects] —>■ A, 24 hrs., 60°C. -^ wash -^ B, boil, 1 min. —> B, 60°C., 

 4 days -^70% ale. boil -> paraffin, via cedar oil 



23.1 Eltringham 1930c Eltringham 1930, 95 



reagents required: A. F5000.0050 Kleinenberg 1879 



method: [living insects] — ^ A, boil 10 mins. -^ A, 6 days, 60°C. — > 70% ale, boil -^ par- 

 affin, via cedar oil 



23.1 Henking 1891 23632, 8:156 



formula: water 30, 95% ale. 70, hydrochloric acid 0.2, pepsin 0.1 

 note: This is intended to soften fixed and stained insect eggs before sectioning. 



23.1 Hennings 1900 see F 35G0.0040 Hennings 1900 



23.1 Kingsbury and Johannsen 1927 see F 3600.0040 Kingsbury and Johannsen 1927 



23.1 Jurray 1937 11360, 57:15 



formula: chloral hydrate 50, phenol 50 



method: [insects fixed in F 3000.0010 Carnoy and Lebrun 1887]-^ mixture, 12-24 

 hrs. — * paraffin, via chloroform 



23.1 Roonwall 1935 see AF 23.1 Slifer and King 1933 (note) 



23.1 Slifer and King 1933 19938, 78:366 



formula: water 20, 95% ale. 80, phenol 4 



recommended for: insect eggs which are treated 24 hours between fixation and sectioning. 

 note: Roonwall 1935 (23833, 110:17) prefers 1-2% phenol. 



AF 30 Bleaching Agents 



The formulas here given are designed to remove natural pigments, and particularly 

 melanin, from specimens of which it is desired to make wholemounts. The classic method is 

 that of Mayer 1880, which may be safely employed on almost any material. These methods 

 mostly depend on the use of nascent chlorine, nascent hydrogen, or sulfur dioxide, which are 

 liberated under conditions designed to prevent, as far as possible, damage to the specimens. 



AF 31.1 Formulas 



31.1 Alfieri test. 1910 Mosse cit. Mayer Ehrlich, Krause, et al. 1910, 1:715 



REAGENTS REQUIRED: A. 0.1% potassium permanganate; B. 0.3% oxalic acid 

 method: [whole objects or sections] — » A, till bronze — * water, thorough wash -^ B, till 

 bleached — > wash 



31.1 Grenacher 1885 23632, 2:244 



formula: water 15, 95% ale. 45, glycerol 30, hydrochloric acid 3 



note: Though not technically a bleaching mixture, this was recommended by Grenacher 

 for the removal of pigment from the eyes of arthropods. 



