PROTOZOA 589 



kinetonucleiis (parabasal body) of Trypanosomes and Bodo gives 

 the reaction as definitely as the ordinary trophonucleus of these 

 flagellates. 



1161. Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus. See special methods, 

 Chapter XXX. 



Faure-Fremiet {Arch. d'Anat. micr., xi, 1910, p. 485) has 

 studied them in many protozoa, Hirschler {Anat. Anz., xlvii, 

 1914-15, p. 302) in a Grcgarine, Gatenby and KiXG (Quart. Journ. 

 Micr., Set. Ixvii, 1923, p. 381) in a Coceidian and {idem, Ixx, 1926, 

 p. 217) in Opalina ; also KiXG {idem, Ixx, 1926, p. 147) in a 

 Haplosporidian, Hornuxg {idem, Ixxiii, 1930, p. 135) in Monocystis 

 and Causey {Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., xxviii. 1926) in Entamceba, 

 Leishmania, Ciliates and Euglena. 



1162. Glycogen in protozoal cysts, etc., may be well stained by 

 Best's carmine (§ 670) after fixing in Carnoy's mixture. See also 

 under " Iodine," 



1163. Chitin stains pale blue with picro-nigrosin, bright blue 

 with Mann's and Mallory's stains. For chemical tests, see § 1189 ; 

 for methods of softening, §§ 1183 et seq.; for penetration by fixatives 

 § 1182. 



1164. Fats (§ 648), microchemical reactions (§§ 666 et seq). 

 Ultra-centrifuge (§ 732). 



1165. Flagella of protozoa are well shown by overstaining in 

 iron ha?matoxylin after any good fixation, when they will be 

 black, or by counterstaining deeply with eosin after any haema- 

 toxylin nucleic stain. In smears fixed in osmic vapour and absolute 

 alcohol, then stained with Giemsa's mixture, the flagella will be 

 red and rather thicker than normal owing to the flattening that 

 takes place during drying. 



No special rules can be given for fixing and staining protozoa 

 of different classes, nearly related forms often requiring different 

 treatment ; in fact, as Minchin points out {Quart. Journ. Micr. 

 Sci., liii, 1909, p. 786), every kind " requires its own special 

 technique, which must be established empirically by trial, and 

 can be discovered only to very limited extent and with great 

 uncertainty by analogy." 



