GOLGI BODIES ETC. 297 



may be closely associated with Golgi material. The writer 

 holds the view that in some flagellated organisms, the Golgi 

 apparatus is associated with the base of the flagellum, as in 

 sponges. For most recent literature see Patten and Beams 

 {Q.J.M.S., 1936), Hall {Bot. Review, Feb. 1936). 



680. What is the " Vacuome " ? This is the French word for 

 vacuole, and like the German term " nebenkern " has no univers- 

 ally recognised meaning in Cytology. It has been used especially 

 by P. and P. A. Dangeard, and A. Guilliermond for certain plant 

 vacuoles, which in some cases stain in neutral red. In 1924-1927, the 

 late Dr. M. Parat endeavoured to homologise his artificially 

 produced nets and vacuoles in Chironomus salivary glands, with the 

 Golgi net of neurones, and the neutral red stainable " vacuome " in 

 certain plants. In animals many cells segregate neutral red both 

 supra-vitally and intra-vitally. In some cases the neutral red 

 dissolves or is segregated within pre-existing granules or vacuoles 

 (Ehrlich), in others, the globules and nets are neo-formations 

 (Parat), in still others both types appear in one cell and, finally, 

 b}^ some interaction between the dye-stuff and the protoplasm, 

 insoluble bodies called " Krinom " (Chlopin) become formed. 

 Then with regard to those pre-existent granules which do stain 

 vitally in neutral red, there is little or no evidence that they are 

 homologous structures in various plant and animal cells. Volutin 

 granules, fuchsinophile granules, chromatic and metachromatic 

 granules, pre-zymogen granules, single granules in insect and 

 other spermatids are only a few of the assemblage of formed bodies 

 which become red in this dye. Some of these bodies certainly go 

 black in the osmic * and silver methods, as well, and it appears to us 

 just as unjustifiable to call them Golgi apparatus, as to classify all 

 granules which stain vitally in neutral red as " vacuome." 



Owing to this confusion, and to the fact that we are quite 

 unwilling to promote the " vacuome " to the status of a definite 

 and constant cell inclusion like the Golgi bodies and mitochondria, 

 we do not propose to use this word. In a separate chapter (§ 766), 

 the methods for staining or producing neutral red vacuoles are 

 described. For a summary of Dr. M. Parat's techniques see §733. 



681. The Mitochondria, Chondriome. The mitochondria are 

 numerous granular, filamentous or rod-shaped cell inclusions 

 which stain blue-black in iron hsematoxylin after formalin, chrome, 

 chrome-osmium fixation, and are usually dissolved or much distorted 

 by alcohol and acetic acid containing fixatives. In some organs, 

 e.g. liver, or mitochondrial middle-piece of insects, the remains of 

 the mitochondria show clearly even after Carnoy fixation. 



Mitochondria are, in animal cells, the heaviest of the cell 



* Stain in Neutral Red, then apply osmic acid solution. The vacuoles 

 often blacken in a few hours, but this cannot be considered a test for 

 the Golgi apparatus. 



