BONE, TEETH 433 



four hours in a bath of 20 c.c. of water with 1 drop of 1 per cent, 

 solution of safranin (or thionin) and (apparently) mounts in 

 balsam. The safranin stain will keep if the material is cartilage 

 which has been fixed in picro-sublimate ; otherwise it must be 

 fixed with ammonium molybdate of 5 per cent, before dehydrating. 



ScHMORL {Centralh. allg. Path., x, 1899, p. 745) stains in a 

 mixture of 2 c.c. concentrated solution of thionin in alcohol of 

 50 per cent, and 10 c.c. of water for ten minutes, rinses and puts 

 into saturated aqueous picric acid for thirty to sixty seconds. 

 Rinse and pass through graded alcohols into origanum oil or 

 carbol-xylol and balsam. Matrix yellow, cells red, fat-cells 

 violet. He also describes a more complicated method with 

 thionin and phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdic acid. 



Moll {Centralb. Physiol., xiii, 1899, p. 224) stains embryonic 

 cartilage for six to twenty-four hours in orcein 0-5 gr., alcohol 

 40, water 20, hydrochloric acid 20 drops, and mounts in balsam. 

 Matrix blue, nuclei red. 



Kallius {Anat. Hefte, xxx, 1905, p. 9) stains first with borax 

 carmine or alum carmine, then (sections) for ten minutes in 

 saturated solution of thionin, and washes out with alcohol of 

 70 per cent. Said to be specific for embryonic cartilage. 



Vastarini-Cresi {Att. Accad. med.-chir. Napoli, 1907, p. 4) 

 stains sections of embryonic cartilage with borax carmine, then 

 with muchaematein (alcoholic solution without acid), and then 

 with Orange G in alcohol. 



Bayerl's method for ossifying cartilage {Arch. mik. Anat., 1885, 

 p. 35) : Portions of ossified cartilage are decalcified as directed, 

 § 250, cut in paraffin, stained in Merkel's carmine and indigo- 

 carmine mixture, and mounted in balsam. 



Mayer {GrundzUge, Lee and IVIayer, 1910, p. 393) prefers to 

 all these resorcin fuchsin, the precipitate being freed from iron 

 chloride by washing before dissolving in the alcohol. 



Aqueous solution of benzoazurin has been commended as a stain for 

 ossifying cartilage by Zschokke, see Zeit. wiss. Mik., x, 1893, p. 381. 



A process of Baumgarten's has been given, § 427. 



MoERNER (Skandinavisches Arch. Physiol., i, 1889, p. 216 ; Zeit. iviss. 

 Mik., vi, 1889, p. 508) gives several stains for tracheal cartilage, chiefly 

 as microchemical tests, for which see third edition. 



See also a critique of these methods by Wolters in Arch. mik. Anat., 

 xxxvii, 1891, p. 492 ; and on the whole subject of cartilage see 

 Schiefferdecker's Gewebelehre, p. 381. 



FusARi (Arch. Ital. Biol., xxv, 1896, p. 200) makes sections of fresh 

 cartilage, puts them for twenty-four hours into 1 per cent, nitrate of 

 silver, washes, dehydrates, and exposes to the light in balsam. 



See also Disse, Anat. Anz., xxxv, 1909, p. 318, a stain for dentine 

 (haemalum followed by a mixture of Saurerubin and Orange G) ; and 

 Retterer and LelievrEjC. R. Soc. Biol., Ixx, 1911, p. 630. 



922. Cartilaginous Skeletons of embryos (Van Wijiie, Proc. K. 

 Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 1902, p. 47) may be studied by 



