LNDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 



Creslan. Cross section: Round, bean or 



dogbone; negative birefringent, 

 A approx. 4. 



Verel. Cross section: Dogbone; bire- 



fringence low negative, ap- 

 prox. 1. 



Zefran. Cross section: Round; bire- 



fringence low negative, ap- 

 prox. 1. 



REFERENCES 



Matthews, Momersberger, "Textile Fibers," 

 Wiley, New York, 1954. 



LuNiAK, "Die Unterscheidung der Textilfasern," 

 Zurich, 1954. 



Herzog, "Handbuch der Mikroskopischen Tech- 

 nik fiir Fasertechnologen," Berlin, 1951. 



Herzog, "INIikrophotographischer Atlas der Tech- 

 nisch-wichtigen Pflanzenfaser," Berlin, 1955. 



Stoves, J. L., "Fiber Microscopy," London, 1957. 



WiLDMAN, "The Microscopy of Animal Textile 

 Fibers," WIRA, 1954; "Proceedings Inter- 

 nat. Wool Te.xtile Res. Conf." (Austr. 1955, 

 Vol. F). 



Wolff, Tobler, F.v.G., "Mikroskopische Un- 

 tersuchung Pflanzlicher Faserstoffe," Leip- 

 zig, 1951. 



Turner, "The structure of Textile Fibres," Man- 

 chester, 1953. 



"Proceedings Electron Microscopy Conference," 

 Stockholm, 1956. 



"Proceedings Electron Microscopy Conference," 

 Berlin, 1958 (at printers). 



Annates Scient. Textile Beiges, Nos. 1-4, 1955. 



J. ISINGS 



INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 



Both light and electron microscopy are 

 being used extensively for research in many 

 technical operations which are far removed 

 from the long-established applications in the 

 biological sciences. Almost every industry, 

 in some phase of its operation, has need for 

 these tools and associated techniques. Ac- 

 tually, microscopy has been used in industry 

 for a long time. The light microscope has 

 contributed to the solution of problems in 

 control, development, and research ever 

 since the technological revolution. Recently 

 the electron microscope also has become es- 



tablished as a supplement to the light micro- 

 scope. Electron microscopy is covered else- 

 where in this Encyclopedia. However, it 

 must be emphasized that both techniques 

 are employed in industrial research in a 

 complementary fashion, and are strongly 

 intcrdcpondcnt. 



Although application of microscopy is 

 hkel}^ to vary with the particular industry, 

 it is possible to provide basic information 

 about the instruments and techniques in 

 use, which should be of common interest to 

 all. The microscopist has at his disposal a 

 very powerful tool which can be adapted to 

 meet his special needs through the use and 

 development of appropriate teclmiques. It 

 is essential, however, that he not only be 

 familiar with the instrumentation, but also 

 have an adequate knowledge of the disci- 

 plines appropriate to his specific problems. 

 The purpose of this article is to discuss 

 briefly the more important aspects of the 

 microscope as a tool, together with related 

 techniques, and to provide references which 

 deal comprehensively with these subjects. 



The most obvious function of microscopy 

 is to reveal directly the fine-scale structure of 

 a subject by means of combinations of lenses 

 which resolve and magnify structure. Each 

 of the various types of microscope shares this 

 function. Some are capable of revealing ex- 

 ceedingly fine structure, whereas others can 

 obtain higher contrast in the image, make 

 certain measurements, or accept special 

 specimens. 



The foremost problem in microscopy is the 

 obtaining of contrast to reveal significant 

 structure at high magnification. Much 

 progress has been made in this area through 

 new techni(iucs of specimen preparation as 

 well as b}' advances in optical design of the 

 microscope. 



The maximum useful magnification of 

 lenses has not been greatly extended in 

 recent times, but modern microscope con- 

 struction has made it easier to realize the full 

 potential of the instruments. No longer is it 



363 



