POLARIZING MICROSCOPE 



Z3 



i::==r:3 



tzzzzii 



COMP 

 A, 



COND 



OB 



OS«t 



Rt 



ST, 

 ANAL 



-i^. 



e 



■^ 



ilrirn 



M 



OC. 



OC. 



EM 



Fig. 2. Optical layout of an inverted transil- 

 luminating polarizing microscope designed to give 

 maximum sensitivity and image quality. See last 

 section of text for details. 



trie sensor EM or to the eye E via a mirror 

 M and ocular OC2 . 



This optical system was used for develop- 

 ing and testing the rectified objectives men- 

 tioned earlier and may be considered to be 

 the basic system necessary and ample for 

 obtaining maximum sensitivity and resolu- 

 tion with the transilluminating polarizing 

 microscope. 



REFERENCES 



1. Ambronn-Frey, "Das Polarisationsmikros- 

 kop, seine Anwedung in der Kolloid-for- 



schung in der Farberei," Akademische Ver- 

 lag, Leipzig, 1926. 



2. Barer, R. in Mellors, R. C, "Analytical 



Cytology" Chapt. 3, McGraw-Hill, New 

 York, 1955. 



3. Bear, R. S. and Schmitt, F. O., "The measure- 



ment of small retardation with the polariz- 

 ing microscope," /. Opl. Soc. Am., 26, 363- 

 364 (1936). 



4. Bennett, H. S., "The microscopical investi- 



gation of Biological materials with polarized 

 light," in McClung: Handbook of Micro- 

 scopical Technique, p. 591, P. B. Hoeber, 

 Inc., New York, 1950. 



5. Chamot, E. M. and Mason, C. W., "Hand- 



book of Chemical Microscopy," John Wiley 

 and Sons, New York, 1949, second edition, 

 Vol. 1. 



6. GiBBs, T. R. p., "Optical Methods of Chemi- 



cal Analysis," McGraw-Hill, New York, 

 1942. 



7. Hallimond, a. F., "Manual of the Polarizing 



Microscope," Cooke, Troughton and Simms, 

 York, England, 1953. 



8. Hstj, H. Y., RicHARTZ, M., and Liang, Y. K., 



"A generalized intensity formula for a sys- 

 tem of retardation plates," /. Opt. Soc. Am., 

 37, 99-106 (1947). 



9. Inoue, S., "A method for measuring small re- 



tardation of structures in living cells," 

 Exptl. Cell Research, 2, 513-517 (1951). 



10. Inoue, S., "Studies on depolarization of light 



at microscope lens surfaces. I. The origin of 

 stray light by rotation at the lens surfaces." 

 Exptl. Cell Research, 3, 199-208. 



11. Inoue, S. and Dan, K., "Birefringence of the 



dividing cell," /. Morph., 89, 423-456 

 (1951). 



12. Inoue, S. and Hyde, W. L., "Studies on de- 



polarization of light at microscope lens sur- 

 faces. II. The simultaneous realization of 

 high resolution and high sensitivity with the 

 polarizing microscope." /. Biophys. Bio- 

 chem. CytoL, 3, 831-838 (1957). 



13. Inoue!, S. and Koester, C. J., "Optimum 



half -shade angle in polarizing instruments," 

 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 556-559 (1959). 



14. Inoue, S. and Kubota, H., "Diffraction 



anomaly in polarizing microscopes," Na- 

 ture, 182, 1725-1726 (1958). 



15. Jerrard, H. G., "Optical compensators for 



measurement of eliptical polarization," /. 

 Opt. Soc. A7n., 38, 35-59 (1948). 



16. Jerrard, H. G., "Transmission of light 



through birefringent and optically active 

 media: the Poincar^ sphere," /. Opt. Soc. 

 Am., 44, 634-640 (1954). 



484 



