ANGLE REFRACTOMETRY 



17. JoHANSEN, A., "Manual of Petrographic 



Methods," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1918, 

 second edition. 



18. KoHLER, A., "Ein Glimmerplattchen Grau I. 



Ordnung zur Untersuchung^ sehr schwach 

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19. KuBOTA, H. AND Inoue, S. "Diffraction 



images in the polarizing microscopes," J. 

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20. Lambrecht, K., See Catalogue "Polarizing 



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21. Land, E. H., "Some aspects of development 



of sheet polarizers," /. Opt. Soc. Am., 41, 

 957-963 (1951). 



22. Oster, G., "Birefringence and Dichroism," in 



Oster and Pollister: "Physical Techniques 

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 Academic Press, New York, 1955. 



23. Pfeiffer, Hans H., "Das Polarisationsmik- 



roskop als Messinstrument in Biologic und 

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 schweig, 1949. 



24. Rinne, F. W. B. and Berek, M., "Anleitung 



zu optischen Untersuchvmgen mit dem 

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25. RucH, Fritz, "Birefringence and Dichroism 



of cells and tissues," in Oster and Pollister: 

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 1956. 



26. Schmidt, W. J., "Die Bausteine des Tierkor- 



pers," F. Cohen, Bonn, 1924. 



27. Schmidt, W. J., "Die Doppelbrechung von 



Karyoplasma, Zytoplasma und Meta- 

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28. Schmidt, W. J., "Die Doppelbrechung des 



Protoplasmas und ihrer Bedeutung fur die 

 Erforschung seines submikroskopischen 

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29. Skinner, C. A., "A universal polarimeter," 



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30. Swann, M. M. and Mitchison, J. M., "Re- 



finements in polarized light microscopy," 

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and elliptic analyzers," Univ. Nebraska 

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Shinya Inoue 



FIBERS (TEXTILES). See GENERAL MICROSCOPY, 

 p. 343. 



INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, APPLICATION TO. See 

 GENERAL MICROSCOPY, p. 363. 



PLASTICS, See GENERAL MICROSCOPY, p. 390. 



PULP AND PAPER. See GENERAL MICROS- 

 COPY, p. 394. 



Refraction of light, refractometry 

 and interferometry* 



ANGLE REFRACTOMETRY (See also p. 400) 



The direct application of Snell-Descartes' 

 law led to the design of many prismatic in- 

 struments utilizing angular measurements — 

 the so-called transmission refractometers. 



* Objections may be raised that this topic is not 

 properly included within the framework of Mi- 

 croscopy. However, the fundamental phenomenon 

 of optical refraction of light in microscope lenses, 

 the microscopic measurement of refractive index, 



The subsequent discovery by Augustin Fres- 

 nel of the quantitative relationship between 

 refraction on a surface, reflectivity by this 

 surface and absorption by the medium, fi- 



and the intimate relationships between micro- 

 scopes, refractometers and interferometers as 

 optical instruments, completely justify inclusion 

 of the four articles extracted from an exhaustive 

 monograph and prepared expressly for this En- 

 cyclopedia by Dr. Raymond Jonnard. — Ed. 



485 



