POINT PROJECTION X-RAY MICROSCOPY 



Technical Report No. 2, Ultrasoft X-Ray 

 Physics, Air Force Office of Scientific Re- 

 search, 1958. 



Nixon, W. C, in Modern Methods of Microscopy, 

 Butterworths, London, 1956. 



Ong Sing Poen, Microprojection with X-rays, 

 132 p., Dnikkerijen Hoogland en Waltman, 

 Delft, 1959. 



Trillat, J. J., Metallurgical aspects of Micro- 

 radiography, Metallurgical Reviews, vol. 1, 

 Part 1, 27 p., 1956. 



II. Technical Articles Referred to in Text. 



1. Goby, P., C.R. Ac. Sc, 156, 686, 1913. 



2. Dauvillier, A., C.R. Ac. Sc, 190, 1287, 1930. 



3. Barclay, A. E., Brit. J. Radiol., 20, 394, 1947; 



22, 268, 1949. Microarteriography, Oxford, 



Blackwell Scientific Publications. 

 Barclay and Leatherdale, D., Brit. J. 



Radiol, 21, 5U, IMS. 

 Leatherdale, Sci. News, Harmondsworth, 19, 



61, 1951. 



4. Lamarque, p., Radiology, 27, 563, 1936. 



5. Clemmons, J. J. AND Aprison, M. H., The 



Review of Scientific Instruments, 24, No. 6, 

 444, 1953. 



6. Mitchell, G. A. G., The J. of Photographic 



Science, 2, 113, 1954. 



7. Pelgroms, J. D., Paper Trade J., 4, 25, 1952. 



8. Legrand, C. and Salmon, J., /. des Recher- 



ches, CNRS, 26, 298, 1954; Bull, de Microsc. 

 Appl., 4, No 1-2, 9, 1954. 



9. Salmon, J., X-ray Microscopy and Microra- 



diography, 465, Acad. Press, N. Y., 1957. 



10. Manigault, p. and Salmon, J., /. des Re- 



cherches, CNRS, 37, 319, 1956; Salmon, X- 

 ray Microscopy and Microradiography, 484, 

 Acad. Press, N. Y., 1957; Manigault and 

 Salmon, Bull, de Microsc. Appl., 8, No 1, 

 14, 1958; Salmon, Bull. Soc. hot. Fr., 101, No 

 7-9,429, 1954; Salmon, C.R. Ac. Sc, 247, 

 510, 1958; Salmon, C.R. Ac. Sc, 248, 734, 

 1959; Manigault, Salmon and Rousseau, 

 M., Bull, de Microsc. Appl., 9, 10, 1959. 



11. Clark, G. L., Applied X-Rays, 4th ed. Mc- 



Graw-Hill, N. Y., 1955. 



12. Nixon, W. C, X-ray Microscopy and Micro- 



radiography, 34, Acad. Press, N. Y., 1957. 



13. Jackson, C. K., X-ray Microscopy and Micro- 



radiography, 487, Acad. Press, N. Y., 1957. 



14. Ely, R. V., X-ray Microscopy and Micro- 



radiography, 59, Acad. Press, N. Y., 1957. 



15. Ong, S. P. and Le Poole, J. B., Appl. Sci. 



Res., B, 7, 233, 1958. 



16. Engstrom, a., Historadiography, in Analy- 



tical Cytology, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 



N. Y., 1955; Engstrom, A., in Oster G. 

 and Pollister, a. W., Physical Techniques 

 in Biological Research, 3, 489, Acad. Press, 

 N. Y., 1956; Engstrom and Greulich, R. 

 C.,J. Appl. Phys., 27, 758, 1956; Engstrom, 

 Lundberg, B. and Bergendahl, G., Ultra- 

 str. Rev., 1, No. 2, 147, 1957. 



17. Greulich, R. C, and Engstrom, A.,Experim. 



Cell. Res., 10, No. 1, 251, 1956. 



18. Engstrom A., and Lundberg, B., Experim. 



Cell. Res., 12, No. 1. 198, 1957. 



19. Brattgard, S. O. and Hydien, H., Acta Ra- 



diol., suppl. 94, 1952. 



20. Engstrom, A., in Oster and Pollister (see 



16). 



21. Dahl, a. O., Rowley, J. R., Stein, O. L. and 



Wegstedt, L., Experim. Cell Res., 13, 31, 

 1957. 



22. Dietrich, J., Congress on X-ray Microscopy 



and Microradiography, Stockholm, 1959. 



23. Zeitz, L. and Baez, A. V., X-ray Microscopy 



and Microradiography , p. 417, Acad. Press, 

 N. Y., 1957. 



J. Salmon 



POINT PROJECTION X-RAY MICROSCOPY* 

 (See also p. 661) 



The shadow projection method of x-ray 

 microscopy is a recently devised technique 

 for producing enlarged images ^vith x-rays. 

 This type has developed rapidly by follow- 

 ing the methods of electron microscope de- 

 sign, leading to a resolution of 1 micron at an 

 early stage, and 0.1 micron after further 

 refinement. In this survey the fundamental 

 principles are presented together with a few 

 applications. Detailed recent results may be 

 found in the four volmnes on x-ray micros- 

 copy given as references. 



Physical Basis of Projection X-Ray 

 Microscopy 



A comparison between the contact method 

 of microradiography and projection micro- 

 radiography is shown in Fig. 1. With contact 

 microradiography (CMR) a normal type of 

 x-ray tube can be used at low kilovoltage and 



* Revised version of a chapter in a book en- 

 titled "X-ray Microscopy and Microradiography" 

 published by Academic Press, New York, 1957. 



647 



