Contents 11 



chapter page 



13. Gymnospermous Plants — Conifers and Their Allies _ _ _ _ 200 



General Characteristics of Gymnosperms _________ 200 



Conifers __________________ 201 



Pine Tree _________________ 201 



Cycads (Sago Palms) ______________ 203 



Zamia __________________ 203 



14. Angiospermous Plants — Flowering Plants _______ 206 



General Characteristics of Angiosperms _________ 206 



Indian Corn (Zea mays) _____________ 209 



Garden Bean (Phaseolus) _____________ 211 



Sunflower (Helianthus) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 213 



15. Biology of Higher Plants — Anatomy and Physiology _ _ _ _ 219 



The Root __________________219 



General Regions _______________ 219 



The Stem _______________<___ 222 



Study of a Stem of a Dicotyledonous Plant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 222 



Study of a Stem of a Monocotyledonous Plant _______ 222 



The Leaves _________________ 223 



The Flower _________________ 224 



Absorption by Plants ____________ ___2 26 



Water __________________ 226 



Inorganic Salts _______________ 226 



Transpiration by Plants ______________ 226 



Conduction of Liquids ______________ 227 



Manufacture, Distribution, and Storage of Foods by Plants _ _ _ _ 227 



General Consideration of Photosynthesis ________ 228 



Theories and Early Work on Photosynthesis _ _ _ _ _ _ _-231 



Biochemical Aspects of Photosynthesis _________ 232 



Biophysical Aspects of Photosynthesis _________ 233 



Influential Factors in Photosynthesis _________234 



Applied and Commercial Aspects of Photosynthesis _____ 237 



Respiration by Plants ______________ 239 



Correlation and Plant Hormones ___________ 239 



Growth of Plants, Polarity, Morphogenesis _________ 241 



Plant Tropisms (Reactions) _____________ 242 



Plant Pigments ________________ 243 



16. Economic Importance of Plants __________ 249 



Economic Importance of Algae ____________ 249 



Economic Importance of Fungi ____________ 250 



Economic Importance of Bryophyteg _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 256 



Economic Importance of Ferns and Their Allies _______ 256 



Economic Importance of Gymnosperms _________ 257 



Industrial Plants ________________ 257 



Fuels __________________ 258 



Oils __________________ 259 



Plant Fibers ________________ 260 



Cork __________________ 261 



Woods __________________ 261 



Gums and Resins _______________ 262 



Coloring Matters (Dyes) _____________ 263 



Foods __________________ 264 



Beverages _________________ 264 



Flavoring Substances ______________ 266 



Spices __________________ 266 



Savory Substances ______________ 267 



Medicines and Poisons _____________ 267 



