14 Contents 



PART 4 



GENERAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGY __________ 591 



chapter page 



29. Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants — Biogeography 

 (Zoogeography and Phytogeography) _________ 591 



Why Study Geographic Distribution? __________ 591 



Types of Geographic Distribution in Space ________ 592 



Principles of Geographic Distribution __________ 593 



Geographic Regions of the World ___________ 597 



Regions of Geographic Distribution of Vegetation of North America _ 599 



General Factors Influencing the Distribution of Organisms _ _ _ _ 602 



30. Animals and Plants of the Past and Their Records _ _ _ _ 605 



Records of Life ________________ 605 



Nature and Kinds of Fossils ____________ 605 



Conditions for Fossil Formation ___________611 



Significance of Fossils ___________ ___612 



Geologic Time Chart ______________618 



31. An Ecologic Study of Living Organisms — Plants and Animals _ 620 

 Ecology of Living Organisms (Plant and Animals) ______ 620 



Heredity _________________ 622 



The Specific Genes of the Organism Being Studied Ecologically _ 622 

 The Inherited Abilities and Reactions of the Organism Being 



Studied ________________ 623 



Mutations and New Types of Organism _______ 624 



The Inheritance of Specific Structures by Organisms Being Studied 624 

 The Rates of Metabolism of the Organism Being Studied Ecologi- 

 cally _________________ 625 



Environment ________________ 625 



Physical Factors ______________ 625 



Chemical Factors ______________ 630 



Biologic Factors ______________ 633 



Human Factors ______________ 63 7 



Typical Environments and Their Fauna and Flora ______ 639 



Ecology of a Portion of a Lake Shore __________ 643 



Ecologic Study of a Portion of Your Campus _______ 643 



32. Unity and Interdependence in the Living World _____ 646 

 Unity in the Living World _____________ 646 



Unity Within Each Living Organism _________ 646 



Unity Within the Individual Cell _________ 646 



Unity Between the Various Cells of Each Tissue _____ 647 



Unity Between the Various Tissues of Each Organ _ _ _ _ 647 



Unity Between the Various Organs of Each System _ _ . ^ 647 

 Unity Between the Various Systems of a Living Organism _ ^ 648 

 Similarity of Structures and Functions Between Closely Related Spe- 

 cies of Organisms _____________ 648 



Unity and Cooperation Between Various Types of Living Organisms 649 



Nitrogen Cycle _______________ 649 



Carbon Cycle _______________ 651 



Oxygen Cycle _______________ 652 



Biologic Communities (Associations) and Successions of Plants and 



Animals _________-_---_- 652 



Dependence of All Living Animals and Most Plants on Photosynthesis 654 



Web of Life and Balance in Nature __________ 655 



Plant and Animal Migrations (Dispersal) ________ 655 



