394 Animal Biology 



Each leg consists of a series of segments: the coxa (kok' sa) (L. coxa, 

 hip) attached to the thorax, trochanter (tro -kan' ter) (Gr. trochanter, 

 runner), femur (fe' mur) (L. femur, thigh), tihia (tib' ia) (L. tibia, 

 shin), and tarsus (tar' sus) (Gr. tarsos, sole of foot). The latter is seg- 

 mented, the proximal segment bearing three pads and the distal one a 

 pair of claws. Between the claws is a fleshy pulvillus (pul-vil'us) (L. 

 pulvilus, small cushion). The forewings are leathery and unfolded and 

 cover the folded membranous hindwings. Chitinized, tubular vei7is in 

 the wings give strength. The fine, strong, striated muscles attached to 

 the inside of the chitinous skeleton help to move wings, legs, mouth, 

 parts, etc. 



V\Qad 



ooeWus 



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p.tax 



abd 



3.0 men 



j compound cue 

 I /proT\o\um 



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Fig. 191. — Grasshopper (Melanoplus vittatus) with wings removed. Female. 

 (From Walden: Orthoptera of Connecticut, State Geological and Natural History 

 Survey of Connecticut, Bulletin 16.) 



Ingestion and Digestion. — The foods of grasshoppers consist of vege- 

 tation which is chewed by the pair of chitinized mandibles (man'dibel) 

 (L. mandibulum, jaw) which move from side to side rather than up and 

 down. The principal parts of the digestive system include (in sequence) 

 ( 1 ) a mouth, with a pair of salivary glands to secrete digestive juices, 

 and the various mouth parts (Fig. 192), (2) a tubular esophagus, (3) 

 an enlarged crop for storage, (4) a gizzard (proventriculus) for grinding, 

 (5) a stomach with eight double, glandular, cone-shaped gastric caeca 

 (se' ka) (L. caecus, blind) for the secretion of digestive juices, (6) a 

 large intestine wdth its delicate Malpighian tubes (after Malpighi, an 

 Italian scientist), and (7) a small intestine which expands into a rectum 



1 



