588 Animal Biology 



massive supraorbital ridges. His skull was narrow. His jaw projected 

 almost snoutlike. His average height was about 5 feet 7 inches. He 

 lived on land and seems to have been more similar to man than any ape. 

 He used sharpened sticks and stones for implements. 



Peking Man ( Sinanthropus pekingensis). — Skulls, teeth, and brain 

 cases were found near Peking, China, in 1926 to 1928, by Dr. D. Black. 

 This type is supposed to have lived during the first interglacial age of 

 the early Pleistocene epoch. His cranial capacity was about 1,000 c.c; 

 hence his head was larger than that of Pithecanthropus. The brain case 

 shows the brain to be human but small and comparing rather favorably 

 with normal human brains of primitive men of today. Dubois thinks 

 that this type may probably have been a variant member of the Neander- 

 thal race, to be considered in a later paragraph. The walls of the skull 

 were thick. The forehead was low, receding, and possessed heavy su- 

 praorbital ridges. This early man used fire because charcoal and charred 

 remains of various materials have been found buried with his remains. 

 He used tools and implements of bone and stone, over two thousand 

 stone implements being present with the remains so far unearthed. 



Piltdown Man or Dawn Man (Eoanthropus dawsoni). — Fragments 

 of a female brain case and half of a lower jaw were found in a gravel pit 

 in 1911 to 1913 by C. Dawson at Piltdown in southern England. This 

 type is thought to have existed during the first interglacial age of the 

 early Pleistocene epoch. His cranial capacity was about 1,300 c.c, which 

 was larger than either Pithecanthropus or Sinanthropus. His brain was 

 primitive and human with certain simian characteristics. The cranium 

 was unusually thick (0.4 inch). The jaw and teeth were apelike in some 

 respects and human in others. His forehead was apelike but without 

 prominent supraorbital ridges. He was probably more manlike than 

 Pithecanthropus or Sinanthropus. Crude flints deposited in the gravel 

 with his remains indicate a primitive culture. He was burly and knew 

 little about tools. 



Heidelberg Man ( Palaenthropus [Homo] heidelbergensis ) . — The 



lower jaw and teeth were found by Dr. O. Schoetensack near Heidel- 

 berg, Germany, in 1907. The Heidelberg man may have existed during 

 the third interglacial age of the early Pleistocene epoch. His cranial 

 capacity has not been accurately determined. The jaw was massive and 

 primitive with the teeth large and human. The mouth region projected 

 more than modern man but not as much as in the chimpanzee or gorilla. 

 The forehead was low with prominent supraorbital ridges. From the 



