Early Man and His Records 589 



remains, he evidently used flints and may have used rudimentary speech. 

 His entire skeleton was massive, suggesting a powerful physique. 



Neanderthal Man (Homo neanderthalensis ) . — The skull cap and 

 parts of the skeleton were found in 1856 by Dr. Fuhlrott in the Neander- 

 thal valley near Diisseldorf, Germany. This type is thought to have 

 existed during the third interglacial and third glacial ages of the Pleisto- 

 cene epoch. His cranial capacity was between 1,400 and 1,600 c.c. His 

 higher mental faculties were not highly developed. The anterior region 

 of his brain was not as highly developed or as large as in Homo sapiens. 

 Neanderthal man had a low, broad forehead with massive supraorbital 

 ridges. His eyes were large and round. His nose was broad. His knees 

 were bent and his head was held forward when he stood or walked. 

 His spinal column was slightly curved. All of this gave him a peculiar 

 slouching attitude. His skeleton was not over 5 feet 4 inches tall; usually 

 his average was less than 5 feet. His feet and hands were large and his 

 legs were longer than his arms. He had a receding chin. More than 

 fifty skeletons of this type of man have been found in England, Belgium, 

 Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Iraq, Rhodesia, 

 and China. This suggests a very wide distribution of this primitive race. 

 From their remains it is thought that they lived at the entrance to caves 

 rather than in them; that they used a language; that they used fire for 

 warmth and cooking; that they were great hunters and ate the bone 

 marrow of their captured animals; that they used implements of flint, 

 bone, and unpolished stone; that they believed in a hereafter because they 

 buried flint implements and foods with their dead. He probably clothed 

 his hairy body in the skins of animals. 



Cro-Magnon Man or Modem Man (Homo sapiens). — Five skeletons 

 were found in the Cro-Magnon cave in Dordogne, France, in 1868. He 

 is thought to have been present during the fourth glacial or ice age of the 

 late Pleistocene epoch, even down to the recent epoch. His cranial 

 capacity was from 1,400 to 1,500 c.c, which is equal to, if not greater 

 than, that of the average European of today. The anterior part of the 

 brain was large and well developed, being equal to, if not greater than, 

 the average of today. The skull was large, long, and narrow. The 

 forehead was high with moderate supraorbital ridges. The face was 

 broad; the jaws, wide; the cheek bones, large; the eyes, large and far 

 apart; the spinal column had four distinct curves. The male averaged 

 6 feet 2 inches in height, which suggests a strong, athletic race. The 

 chin was well developed. In general, they were probably handsome peo- 

 ple comparing quite well with existing races. They lived in caves and 



