Biologists and Their Work 801 



Empedocles (495-435 e.g.). — Theory that living organisms were gen- 

 erated spontaneously from scattered materials by being attracted or re- 

 pelled by love or hate. 



Hippocrates (460-370 e.g.). — Greek "Father of medicine." Made a 

 science of medicine. 



Aristotle (384-322 e.g.). — Greek scientist and philosopher. "Father 

 of natural history." Studied the development, anatomy, physiology, and 

 classification of 500 animals. First used the inductive method of securing 

 facts and then based conclusions or principles on these facts. 



Theophrastus (370-287 e.g.). — Greek student of Aristode. First scien- 

 tifically studied plants. Founded the science of botany and wrote a His- 

 tory of Plants. Named 500 species of plants. 



Pliny the Elder (a.d. 23-79) . — Roman general, literary man, and scien- 

 tist. Compiled thirty-seven volumes of half-true, half-false natural his- 

 tory data from his predecessors. 



Dioscorides (a.d. 40). — Greek physician. Studied medicinal plants. 

 Wrote De Materia Medica. 



Galen (Claudius Galenus) (a.d. 130-200) — Roman. Greatest med- 

 ical anatomist of antiquity. Gave a standard for anatomy which stood 

 for fifteen centuries, without dissecting human bodies but by an analogy 

 with other animals. 



Andreas Vesalius (a.d. 1514-1564). — Belgian, "Father of modern 

 dissective anatomy." Studied human anatomy by dissection. He per- 

 sonally dissected and did not permit the "barbers" to do this for his stu- 

 dents. By the age of 28 years he had written the Structure of the Hu- 

 man Body. 



Konrad von Gesner (a.d. 1516-1565). — Swiss. Most learned natu- 

 ralist and zoologist of this period. Founded the first botanical garden 

 and first zoological museum. 



Francis Bacon (1561-1626) . — English. Natural philosopher who broke 

 away from the trammels of contemporary scholasticism and deduced his 

 conclusions from facts. 



William Harvey (1578-1657). — English. Founder of experimental 

 physiology. Observed and demonstrated the circulation of the blood in 

 1621. Revived experimental methods in zoology after the so-called Dark 

 Ages. 



Francesco Redi (1628-1698) . — ItaHan. Overthrew the theory of spon- 

 taneous generation of insects by discovering their eggs and larvae. 



Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694). — Italian. Related anatomy and 

 physiology to medicine. Studied tissues microscopically. Observed 



