802 General and Applied Biology 



blood corpuscles and blood flow in capillaries. Started the study of 

 microscopic insect anatomy, particularly that of the silkworm. Studied 

 the anatomy of plants. 



Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). — Dutch. Philosopher nat- 

 ural historian, and student of microscopy. Studied many forms of mi- 

 croscopic plant and animal life. Discovered and described male germ 

 cells. Sent over 400 papers and letters to the Royal Society in London 

 and the French Academy of Sciences. Started the science of micro- 

 biology. 



Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680). — Dutch. Great microscopic anato- 

 mist. Started the study of insect anatomy and life histories. Injected 

 blood vessels. 



Robert Hooke (1635-1703). — English, Made numerous studies with 

 the compound microscope. Influenced the work of Grew in microscopy. 

 Discovered and described cells as "little boxes." 



Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712). — English. Studied microscopic anat- 

 omy and plant physiology. His book, Anatomy of Vegetables, started 

 plant histology, 



Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777). — French. Laid the basis for our 

 present system of plant classification. Wrote Genera Plantarum. 



Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). — Swedish. Originated binomial no- 

 menclature for naming organisms and a system of classification (taxon- 

 omy). He listed 4,437 different animals and plants. He originated uni- 

 form, latinized names and short descriptions which were more scientific 

 and accurate than the common names which previously had been used. 



J. Gottlieb Koelreuter (1733-1806).- — German. Demonstrated sexes 

 in plants. Produced a plant hybrid by crossing two species of tobacco. 



Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). — French. Suggested the theory 

 of the inheritance of acquired characteristics as an explanation of adap- 

 tations. He gave the first logical and complete theory of organic 

 evolution. 



Constantine S. Rafinesque (1784-1840). — French-German. He came 

 to America in 1802. In 1815 he was professor of botany at Transylvania 

 College, Ky. He made a classificaiion of medical plants. 



George Cuvier (1769-1832). — French. A zoologist who founded 

 modern comparative anatomy. Founded the science of vertebrate 

 paleontology (fossils). Originated the cataclysmic theory that there had 

 been numerous creations, each of which had been completely destroyed 

 and its place taken by newer forms. 



