118 ZOOLOGY 



authors that the Nissle granules and the Golgi apparatus are 

 associated in many distributions. Brambell put forward the sug- 

 gestion that the Golgi apparatus was responsible for the production 

 of these Nissle granules ; so far no evidence has been brought 

 forward to contradict this view. Rau and Ludford (114), however, 

 in 1925 attribute the remarkable size and complexity of the Golgi 

 apparatus in nerve cells to the high degree of metabolism present. 

 This explanation is, however, couched in rather general terms and 

 seems to be an hypothesis of doubtful value. 



Confirmatory evidence of Bowen's w^ork is found in several 

 papers. Brambell (16), in 1925, drew attention to the part played 

 by the Golgi apparatus in the secretions of the oviducal glands of 

 the fowl. In the alveolar glands the Golgi network is actively 

 engaged in the production of the albuminous granules. General 

 hypertrophy takes place during this activity and a corresponding 

 reduction in size occurs during the periods of rest. The ciliated 

 ejDithelium is also secretory and a similar cycle is met w4th. The 

 Golgi apparatus fragments, however, and is extruded at the 

 moment of excretion, the apparatus being reformed de novo at the 

 base of the cell near the nucleus. 



Cramer and Ludford (24), in 1926, investigated the activity of 

 the thyroid gland in mammals. Control of the secretory cycle 

 can be effected by various means (discovered by Cramer), and the 

 secretory condition of the glands was therefore known before 

 fixation and examination. In resting glands the Golgi apparatus 

 was much contracted and the mitochondria highly staining and 

 very small (Fig. 60, A, B). In active glands, however, the Golgi 

 apparatus is largely convoluted and undergoes considerable hyper- 

 trophy (Fig. 60, C, D). The mitochondria enlarge enormously. 

 They conclude that the Golgi apparatus is related to secretion 

 and that the mitochrondrial activity is connected with the pro- 

 duction of variations in surface energy wdthin the cytoplasm, thus 

 assisting in the redistribution of lipoids. This conclusion is of 

 considerable interest. 



The Golgi apparatus was also enlarged with the mitrochondria 

 in cases of exophthalmic goitre in mouse and man (81) ; the polarity 

 of the Golgi apparatus was frequently reversed. They suggest 



