ACID VIOLET 



19 



ADRENAL 



Acid Violet. Several triphenyl methane 

 dyes come under this heading. Conn 

 (p. 132) says that the term "acid 

 violet" is too indefinite for identifica- 

 tion. This is unfortunate because dyes 

 bearing this label have been used in 

 several combinations as in Bensley's 

 Neutral Safranin acid violet. Bailey, 

 P., J. Med. Res., 1921, 42, 349-381 and 

 Maurer, S. and Lewis, D. D., J. Exp. 

 Med., 1922, 36, 141-156, working in 

 Bensley's laboratory, used it for the 

 pituitary. Acid violet is one of the 

 stains employed by Weiss, E., J. Inf. 

 Dis., 1928, 43, 228-231 to stain flagella 

 and spirochetes (J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 

 1928-29, 14, 1191-1193). 



Acid Yellow, see Fast Yellow. 



Acid Yellow R, see Metanil Yellow. 



Acidity, see Hydrogen ion indicators. 



Acidopliilic, see Staining. 



Acids, see under first name, Acetic Acid, 

 Hydrochloric Acid, etc. 



Acridine Dyes. As the name suggests they 

 are formed from acridine which is re- 

 lated to xanthene. Examples: acri- 

 flavine, neutral acriflavine and phos- 

 phine. Phosphine 3R is employed as a 

 fluorochrome for lipids. 



Acridine Orange (CI, 788), a basic dye of 

 light fastness 1 to 2. Gives clear brown 

 or dark orange coloration of plant tis- 

 sues of exceptional fastness. Tech- 

 nique described (Emig, p. 55). 



Acriflavine (CI. 790). A yellow fiuorchrome. 

 It is useful as a vital stain for nuclei. 

 Farr, R. S., Anat. Rec, 1946, 94, 16, 

 has employed acriflavine hydrochloride 

 to label transfused leucocytes and to 

 determine how long they remain in the 

 circulation. 



Actinomyces. Mallory's stain for actino- 

 myces in sections (Mallory, p. 279). 

 For the organisms, fixation in alcohol 

 or in 10% formalin is preferable; but 

 for the lesions, Zenker's fluid is better. 

 Stain deparaffinized sections in Alum 

 Hematoxylin 3-5 min. After washing 

 in water stain in 2.5% aq. phloxine or 

 in 5% aq. eosin in paraffin oven, 15 min. 

 After again washing, stain in Stirling's 

 or Flhrlich's aniline crystal violet (see 

 Anilin Crystal Violet), 5-15 min. Wash 

 in water and treat with Gram's Iodine, 

 1 rain. Wash in water, blot and destain 

 in aniline oil until no further color 

 comes out. Rinse in xylol and mount 

 in balsam. Branched forms, blue; 

 clubs, pink to red. 



Addis Count to provide quantitative data 

 on number of red blood cells and casts 

 in the urine is critically described by 

 C. J. Gentzkow and H. A. Van Auken 

 in Simmons and Gentzkow, p. 32. 



Adenosinase. A method for analysis of 

 adenosinase in lymphocytes and poly- 



morphonuclear leucocytes (neutro- 

 philes) is given by Barnes, J. M., Brit. 

 J. Exp. Path., 1940, 21, 264-275. 



Adenylpyrophosphata.se. The technique of 

 localization of this important enzyme 

 in cytoplasmic granules has been de- 

 scribed and used in extracts of chick 

 embryos bv Steinbach, H. B. and Moog, 

 F., J. Cell and Comp. Physiol., 1945, 

 26, 175-183. These authors are, how- 

 ever, not sanguine about the feasibility 

 of its localization by histochemical 

 methods (Science, 1946, 103, 144) as 

 reported by Click and Fischer, Science, 

 1945, 102, 429-430. 



Adhesiveness, or stickiness of cellular sur- 

 faces is a phenomenon of great im- 

 portance in connection with movement, 

 phagoc3'tosis embryological develop- 

 ment and other processes. There is no 

 standard technique to iiieasure it, ex- 

 cept in special circumstances as when 

 it is manifested by agglutination of 

 bacteria and sedimentation of red blood 

 cells. The way leucocytes stick to the 

 endothelial wall of a small blood vessel, 

 shown by Motion Pictures, is impres- 

 sive. Adhesion tests have been intro- 

 duced as means of diagnosis of various 

 trypanosomes. A fine general discus- 

 sion of this phenomenon is provided by 

 Beams and King in Calkins, G. N. and 

 Summers, F. M., Protozoa in Biologi- 

 cal Research. New York: Colombia 

 University Press, 1941, 1148 pp. 



Adrenal. For routine purposes fix in 

 Zenker's Fluid and stain paraffin sec- 

 tions with Hematoxylin and Eosin. 

 There are many techniques for Lipids. 

 The Chromaffin Reaction is often used 

 for adrenalin but Cramer, W., J. Path. 

 & Bact., 1937, 44, 633, considers black- 

 ening with osmic acid vapor as more 

 specific. Silver methods for vitamin 

 C are difficult to apply but are appar- 

 ently reliable. They are given under 

 Vitamins. The Schultz cholesterol test 

 gives excellent results. A selection 

 may be made from several methods for 

 Reticular Fibers. Corner, G. W., Con- 

 trib. to Embryol., Carnegie Inst., 1920, 

 9, 87-93, employed for reticulum the 

 Bielschowsky-Maresch silver method 

 exactly as specified by Ferguson, J. S., 

 Am._ J. Anat., 1912, 12, 277-296. The 

 Bodian protargol method for nerve 

 fibers has been adjusted to the adrenal 

 by MacFarland, W. E., and Davenport, 

 H. A., Stain Techn., 1941, 16, 53-58, 

 also Cajal's chloral hydrate method. 

 If one contemplates ultracentrifugation 

 and the demonstration of the Golgi 

 apparatus consult Guyer, M. F., and 

 Claus, P. E., Anat. Rec, 1939, 73, 

 17-27. 

 Method proposed by Bennett, S. H., 



