ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS 



26 



ARGINASE 



Anticoagulant Solutions have been very care- 

 fully studied by Leichsenring, J. M., 

 et al., J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 1939-40, 25, 

 35-44. They found that 1.6% potassium 

 oxalate prepared from dried salt is most 

 nearly isotonic for human blood. Win- 

 trobe, M. M., Clinical Hematology, 

 Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1942, 792 

 pp. advises 0.06 gms. of ammonium 

 oxalate and 0.04 gms. of potassium oxa- 

 late for 5 cc. of blood. He dissolves 1.2 

 gm. ammonium oxalate and 0.8 gm. 

 potassium oxalate in 100 cc. aq. dest. 

 and adds 1 cc. formalin to prevent de- 

 terioration. Then he measures out with 

 a burette 0.5 cc. into each of the con- 

 tainers and lets it dry before taking into 

 each 5 cc. of fresh blood. Heparin is 

 also advised but it is much more expen- 

 sive. 0.075 gm. will prevent coagula- 

 tion of 5 cc. of blood. See citrate. 



Antimony Trichloride, see Carr-Price Re- 

 action. 



Aorta, see Arteries and, for an account of 

 technique for measuring elastic proper- 

 ties, Saxton, J. A., Arch. Path., 1942, 

 34, 262-274. 



Aortic Paraganglion (Glomus aorticum). 

 Technique for blood supply and innerva- 

 tion is provided by Nonidez, J. F., J. 

 Anat., 1936, 70, 215-224. Negative re- 

 sults in application of the chromaffin 

 reaction to the rabbit and guinea pig 

 are described by the same author. Am. 

 J. Anat., 1935, 57, 259-293. Carotid 

 glomus is very similar. 



Aqueous Humor, see Anterior Chamber of 

 Eye. 



Arachnids, sectioning is facilitated by 

 methods intended to soften Chitin. 

 See also Fleas, Ticks. 



Archelline 2B, see Bordeaux Red. 



Argentaffine gastrointestinal cells (entero- 

 chromaffin cells). Rare even in duo- 

 denum. Occur singly, usually in deep- 

 est parts of crypts and may be free from 

 epithelium. Cytoplasmic argentaffine 

 granules are of small size, often closely 

 packed together and acidophilic. It is 

 said that they cannot be found in bodies 

 autopsied as late as 4-5 hrs. after death 

 (Hamperl, H., Ztschr. f. Mikr.-anat. 

 Forsch., 1925, 2, 506-535). 



Two specific methods are advised by 

 Jacobson, W., J. Path. & Bact., 1939, 

 49, 1-19. For both fix in 10% formol- 

 saline, or 10% neutral formol, dehydrate 

 in alcohol, clear in cedarwood oil or in 

 methyl benzoate + 2% celloidin and 

 imbed in paraffin. In the first wash 

 deparaffinized sections 10 mm. in 2 

 changes glass-dist. water. Transfer for 

 12-24 hrs. to Fontana's sol. prepared by 

 adding NH4OH to 5% AgNOa until ppt. 

 is dissolved, then AgNOa drop by drop 

 until fluid exhibits slight presistent 



opalescence. Wash in glass-dist. water, 

 1 min., 5% Na2S203, 1 min. and tap 

 water 10 min. Counterstain with car- 

 naalum. Dehydrate, clear and mount 

 in balsam. Granules of argentaffine 

 cells appear black. In the second more 

 rapid method dissolve small amount 

 p-nitro-methyloxybenzene diazotate in 

 aq. dest. producing light yellow solution 

 alkalinize with a little LioCOa. After 

 about 1| min., when pH 10-11 is reached, 

 color has changed to dark orange-yellow. 

 Immerse sections brought down to aq. 

 dest., in this 30-40 sec. Then wash in 

 aq. dest., 1 min. Granules of argen- 

 taffine cells appear dark red in yellow 

 background. Counterstain with hema- 

 lum if desired. 



Since Dawson, A. B., Anat. Rec, 



1944, 89, 287-294 has found that a larger 

 number of argentaffin cells are demons- 

 trable in the rat's stomach by Bodian's 

 technique than are reported after silver 

 impregnations like those of Masson- 

 Hamperl, it is important to try the 

 Bodian Method in the manner suggested 

 by Dawson. Sharpies, W., Anat. Rec, 



1945, 91, 237-243 used the Bodian 

 Method successfully in study of human 

 stomach. 



Argentaffine Reaction. This, according to 

 Lison (p. 147) is given by polyphenols, 

 aminophenols and polyamines in ortho 

 and para position. It is a reduction of 

 ammoniated silver hydroxide into me- 

 tallic silver. He recommends Masson's 

 method for sections : Fix in Bouin's fluid 

 or other fixative. Deparaffinize sec- 

 tions and wash 2 hrs. in aq. dest. Treat 

 for 36-40 hrs. in Fontana's fluid in dark- 

 ness and in a sheltered place. Wash in 

 much aq. dest. Tone with 0.1% aq. 

 gold chloride (few minutes). Fix in 

 5% aq. sodium hyposulphite. Counter- 

 stain with alum carmine, mount in 

 usual way. To make Fontana's fluid 

 add ammonia drop by drop to 5% aq. 

 silver nitrate until ppt. formed is ex- 

 actly redissolved; then carefully drop 

 by drop 5% aq. silver nitrate until 

 appearance of persistent cloudiness and 

 the liquid does not smell of ammonia. 

 Decant before employing. See also 

 Clara, M., and Canal, F., Zeit. f. Zellf. 

 u. Mikr. Anat., 1932, 15, 801-808; Clara, 

 M., Ergeb. d. Anat. u. Entw., 1933, 30, 

 240-340. 



Arginase. It is possible to localize arginase 

 in the cytoplasm and nuclei of liver cells 

 by Behren's technique (Zeit. Physiol. 

 Chem. , 1939, 258, 27-32) . Finely ground 

 tissue is dried to powder in frozen condi- 

 tion. It is then suspended and cen- 

 trifuged in different mixtures of benzene 

 and carbon tetrachloride. The nuclei 

 only are found in the lowest layer, next 



