CAPILLARIES 



51 



CARBOHYDRATES 



followed by clearing by the Spalteholz 

 method may be helpful. When however 

 any fluid is injected, under great pres- 

 sure, into a fresh, relaxed tissue that can 

 easily swell there is a chance that an 

 exaggerated idea of the capillaries will 

 be conveyed. In resting muscle for 

 instance a large proportion of the 

 capillaries are collapsed (Krogh). 



The structure of the endothelial 

 capillary wall is relatively uncompli- 

 cated. The outlines of the endothelial 

 cells are nicely revealed in pink by the 

 Silver Chloride Dichlorfiuorescineate 

 technique or in black by simply treating 

 with silver nitrate. Nuclear and cyto- 

 plasmic structure can be brought out by 

 methods used for other tissues. Nerve 

 fibers closely accompany most capil- 

 laries. The existence of actual nerve 

 endings on the wall is debated. The 

 most convincing looking preparations 

 of human tissues have been secured by 

 Stohr, Ph., Zeit. f. Zellf. u. Mikr. Anat., 

 1926, 3, 431-448 who employed a modifi- 

 cation by Gros of the Bielchowsky 

 silver technique (see particularly his 

 Fig. 2). See Sinusoids. 



Capillaries of brain. Lepehnc-Pickworth 

 peroxidase method simplified by Camp- 

 bell and Alexander (Mallory, p. 257). 

 Fix for 1-3 weeks in 10% formalin. To 

 make required solution dissolve 0.1 gm. 

 benzidine in 0.5 cc. glacial acetic acid 

 and add 20 cc. aq. dest. Dissolve 0.1 

 gm. sodium nitroprusside in 10 cc. aq. 

 dest. and add benzidine solution. Add 

 aq. dest. to 100 cc. In case a ppt. forms 

 filter it out. Solution must be fresh. 

 Cut frozen sections 200-300m and wash 

 in aq. dest. 1| hr. Change to above 

 described solution for ^ hr. at 37°C. 

 agitating often. Wash in aq. dest. 10 

 sec. and transfer to 100 cc. aq. dest. -f 

 2-3 drops 30% hydrogen peroxide for 

 ^ hr. at 37°C. shaking frequently. 

 Wash in aq. dest. and dehydrate in 70%, 

 95% and absolute alcohol. Clear in 

 xylol and mount in balsam. Blood ves- 

 sels black in almost colorless back- 

 ground. This method has the advantage 

 of not involving vascular perfusion. 

 See comparison of injection and red cell 

 staining methods for quantitative study 

 of capillaries of central nervous system 

 (Drummond, S.P., Anat. Rec, 1944, 89, 

 9.3-106). 



Capillary Fragility Tests. Discussion (Gold- 

 man, L. and Corrill, E. M., J. Invest. 

 Dermat., 1945, 6, 129-147). 



Capri Blue (CI, 876), a basic dye of light 

 fastness 3. 0.1 gm. in 95 cc. aq. dest. 

 -f 5 cc. 5% aq. ammonium alum -f- 0.5 

 cc. acetic acid stains plant tissues blue 

 or black. Can be employed in prefer- 

 ence to Cyanine. Should stain well 

 after Erythrosin (Emig, p. 58). 



Capsule stain. 1. Hiss' method for smears 

 (McClung, p. 145). Dry organisms in 

 ascitic or serum medium on slides. 

 Stain, slightly heated in 5-10 cc. satu- 

 rated ale. gentian violet or basic fuchsin 

 made up to 100 cc. aq. dest., few sec. 

 Wash off dye with 20% aq. copper sul- 

 phate crystals. Dry by blotting. tSee 

 also: Huntoon, F. M., J. Bact., 1917, 2, 

 241. See Pasteurella. 



2. W. H. Smith's method for sections 

 (Mallory, p. 275). Cover deparaffin- 

 ized sections of Zenker fixed material 

 with Anilin Crystal Violet (either 

 Ehrlich's or Stirling's). During few 

 seconds warm by passing slide through 

 flame 2 or 3 times. Wash in Gram's 

 Iodine solution followed by formalin 

 (commercial). Decolorize in 95% ale. 

 Quickly wash again in Gram's iodine. 

 Cover with aniline green eosin and heat 

 as before. To make this shake 1 part 

 aniline green with 200 parts 3-6% aq. 

 eosin yellowish W.S. and after 1-2 hrs. 

 remove ppt. by filtering. Wash in aq. 

 dest. Dehydrate in 95% and abs. ale, 

 clear in xylol and mount in balsam. 

 Bacterial capsules, red; Gram positive 

 bacteria, blue. Mallory says that a 

 stronger iodine may be desirable (iodine, 

 1 gm., potassium iodide, 2gm. ;aq. dest., 

 100 cc.) and that the times must be 

 suited to each preparation. 



3. Churchman's (S. Bayne-Jones in 

 Simmons and Gentzkow, p. 385). 

 Flood air-dried films with Wright's 

 stain and leave until almost evaporated 

 to dryness. Original blue of stain is 

 replaced by pinkish color. Wash 

 quickly in water, or in Clark and Lubs 

 buffer pH 6.4-6.5. Do not blot but dry 

 with fan. Body of organisms, blue; 

 capsular material, purplish-pink; often 

 surrounded by capsular membrane or 

 peripheral zone, deep purplish-pink. 



Capsule Substance. This obviously is un- 

 der investigation in many sorts of cells 

 and the methods introduced for one 

 kind may well be of service for others. 

 See Cell Membrane for physical proper- 

 ties, thickness, etc. See Adhesiveness 

 and Acid Fast Bacilli. Under Gram 

 Stains is a description of the mechanism 

 of their action which includes data ob- 

 tained by use of the enzyme, ribonu- 

 clease, on the nature of walls of Gram 

 positive bacteria. Under Enzymes, see 

 enzymatic destruction of capsules of 

 pneumococci. 



Carbanthrene Blue GD (CI, 1113), Carban- 

 threne Brilliant Orange RK, Carban- 

 threne Jade Green (CI, llUl), Carban- 

 threne Red BN (CI, 1162) Carbanthrene 

 Red BN (CI, 1162) and Carbanthrene 

 Violet 2R (CI, 1104) all of NAC are 

 referred to by Emig, p. 64. 



Carbohydrates, see Starch. 



