LEUCOCYTE COUNTS 



136 



LIEBERKlJHN'S GLANDS 



apparently made up of nuclear membrane 

 only and nonfilaments are those in which 

 the connections are so wide that they 

 can be resolved into nuclear membrane 

 plus nuclear contents. In 100 neutro- 

 philes there are normallj'' 8-16 nonfila- 

 ment cells. A greater per cent is a shift 

 to the left. For counts see Krusen, 

 F. H., Am. J. Med. Sci., 1937, 193, 470- 

 474. 

 Leucocytes, Developmental series. The 

 technique employed apparently makes 

 a great deal of difference in the conclu- 

 sions reached. See Cowdry's His- 

 tology, p._ 99. 



1. Maximow and Bloom employing 

 mainly permanent preparations list : 



H emocytoblasts : ". . . large (up to 15) 

 ameboid, non-granular basophil cells of 

 lymphoid nature." Occur extra vascu- 

 larly. 



Promyelocytes: "The oval or kidney- 

 shaped, clear nucleus contains a loose 

 chromatin network and several nucleoli. 

 At the indentation of the nucleus there 

 is a distinct cytocentrum. The ame- 

 boid protoplasm is slightly basophil, 

 although it often shows acidophil areas." 

 Specific granules "are scarce and usual- 

 ly confined to the periphery of the cyto- 

 centrum and to the acidophil spots in 

 the cell body." Azurophil granules are 

 present but later disappear. They often 

 show mitosis. 



Myelocytes: "The protoplasm becomes 

 diffusely acidophil while the specific 

 granules increase in number and fill the 

 whole cell body, except for the cyto- 

 centrum. The nucleus keeps its com- 

 pact form v/hile its previously loose 

 chromatin network becomes coarser and 

 stains darker. The nucleoli are indis- 

 tinct. Mitoses are common." 



Metamyelocytes: After an unknown 

 number of mitoses a generation appears. 

 The nucleus "as soon as it is recon- 

 structed after the last mitosis, shows a 

 beginning polymorphism and has the 

 shape of a horse-shoe." The mature 

 leucocyte is formed from these cells by 

 individual maturation without division. 



2. Sabin and associates relying chiefly 

 on supravital stains list : 



Reticular cells: They "are small, their 

 cytoplasm is faintly basophilic, as seen 

 in fixed films, and in supravital prepa- 

 rations they show no differentiation of 

 specific substances." Reticular cells 

 "lack the striking rod-shaped mito- 

 chondria which characterize the Ijonpho- 

 cytic strain. . . . The nuclei have less 

 sharp contours and less chromatin than 

 those of lymphocytes." 



Myeloblasts: These differ "through 

 the elaboration of a marked basophilia 

 and of great numbers of small mito- 



chondria. ... In supravital technique, 

 the myeloblast has usually no stainable 

 substance except mitochondria . . ."but 

 occasionally a few vacuoles reacting to 

 neutral red are present as well as some 

 which are not colored by it. 



Myelocytes A : The earliest stage with 

 the specific granules up to 10 "reacts 

 with a single blue granule in the oxydase 

 test." 



Myelocytes B: "May be conveniently 

 divided into those with less than half 

 and those with more than half the full 

 quota of granules." 



Myelocytes C: These cells contain 

 the full quota. Metamyelocytes: Thej'' 

 "show the earliest signs of the nuclear 

 changes toward polymorphism and the 

 first sign of the transformation of the 

 cytoplasm to a phase sufficientlj' fluid 

 to allow the flowing of granules which is 

 essential for ameboid movement. In 

 passing through these stages, there is a 

 gradual decrease of basophilia of the 

 cytoplasm and in the numbers of mito- 

 chondria. The basophilia disappears 

 entirely in the early leucocytes, while 

 the mitochondria persist in small num- 

 bers until the stage of senility in the 

 leucocytes." 



Leucocytic Index, ratio of number of pol- 

 ymorphs to number of lymphocytes, 

 considered by Turley, L. A. and Mc- 

 Clellan, J. T., Am. J. Clin. Path., 1943, 

 7, 87-95 to be valuable indicator of 

 condition of the patient, a high cr rising 

 index being a bad sign and a low or fall- 

 ing one, a favorable sign. 



Leucocytic Infiltrations. A convenient way 

 to produce an intense local neutrophilic 

 infiltration is to inject starch as de- 

 scribed by Chambers, R. and Grand, 

 C. G., Am. J. Cancer, 1937, 29, 111-115. 

 Cowdry, E. V. and Ruangsiri, C, Arch. 

 Path., 1941, 32, 632-640 made repeated 

 injections of 1% corn starch suspensions 

 in physiological saline in amounts of 

 0.1-0.2 cc. into leprous nodules of rats. 



Leucocytozoa, Protozoa, belonging to the 

 Hepatozoidae, which inhabit the mono- 

 cytes of dogs, rats, and other animals 

 particularly in the tropics. See, Wen- 

 yon, C. M., Protozoology. New York: 

 William Wood & Co., 1926, 2,1053-1563. 



Leucosin, a stored reserve in lower plants 

 (Taylor in McClung, p. 221). 



Levitation Method, see Floatation Method. 



Levulose Syrup for fluid mounts. Mallory 

 (p. 99) specifies 30 gms. levulose dis- 

 solved in 20 cc . water by warming at 37 °C. 

 for 24 hrs. 



Lewis-Locke solution, see Locke-Lewis. 



Lieberkiihn's Glands, data on size, surface 

 area, number of cells etc. in human 

 large intestine (Policard, A., Bull. 

 d'Hist. AppL, 1939, 16, 261-262). 



