NORMALS, GROSS SIZES 



174 



NORMALS, MICROSCOPICAL 



ileum. Large intestine, length, 180- 

 195 cm.; duodenum, length, 25-28.5 

 cm. 



Kidneys — Weight, left, 150 gms., right, 

 140 gms.; thickness of cortex, 1 cm.; 

 length, 11.5 cm.; breadth, 6.2 cm.; 

 thickness, 3.2 cm. ; the left longer and 

 the right thicker. 



Liver — Weiglit, 1440-1680 gms. ; greatest 

 transverse diameter, 20-24 cm., great- 

 est antero-posterior diameter, 10-15 

 cm., vertical diameter, 12.7-15 cm. 



Lungs— Weight, combined, 1020-1290 

 gms.; weight, male, right lung, 680 

 gms., left lung, 600 gms.; weight, 

 female, right lung, 480 gms., left lung, 

 420 gms.; length, 26-30 cm.; antero- 

 posterior diameter at base, 17.5-20 

 cm.; transverse diameter at base, 

 10-12.7 cm.; right lung is shorter, 

 broader and thicker than the left; 

 dimensions in female average 2.5 cm. 

 less. 



Mammary gland — Weight in adult, 150- 

 200 gms. ; weight during lactation, 

 400-900 gms. 



Oesophagus — Length, 25-30 cm.; diam- 

 eter of lumen, 3 cm.; thickness of 

 wall, 8 mm. ; weight, 40 gms. 



Ovaries — Weight (each), 4-8 gms., 

 length, 3.S cm.; breadth, 1.9 cm.; 

 thickness, 1.2 cm. 



Pancreas — Weight, quite variable, 60- 

 135 gms. ; length varies, average 15- 

 20 cm. 



Parathyroids — Length, 6-7 mm. ; 

 breadth, 3-4 mm.; thickness, 1.5-2 

 mm. 



Pineal gland — Length, 1 cm.; breadth, 

 5 mm.; thickness, 5 mm.; weight, 

 0.2 gm. 



Pituitary body — Length, 8 mm.; 

 breadth, 1.2 cm.; weight, 0.3-0.6 gm. 



Prostate — Weight, 22 gms.; length 3.1- 

 3.8 cm. ; breadth, 3.8-4.5 cm. ; thick- 

 ness, 2.5 cm. 



Salivary glands — Parotid, weight, 25- 

 30 gms. ; sublingual, weight, 2-3 gm.; 

 submaxillary, weight, 8-9 gms. 



Seminal vesicles — Length, 5 cm. 



Spinal cord — Length, 45 cm. ; weight, 

 27-30 gms. ; transverse diameter aver- 

 ages 1.2 cm.; antero-posterior diam- 

 eter averages 9 mm. 



Spleen — Weight, 155-195 gms.; length, 

 10-12.5 cm.; breadth, 7.7 cm.; thick- 

 ness, 2.5-3.7 cm. 



Stomach — Capacity, 1-2 liters. ; thick- 

 ness of wall, 6 mm.; weight, 125-175 

 gms. 



Testes — Weight, 20-25 gms. each; 

 length, 3.8 cm.; breadth, 2.5 cm.; 

 thickness, 2 cm. 



Thoracic duct — Length, 37-5-45 cm. 



Thymus gland— Weight at birth, 13.7 

 gms. and increases to 26.2 gms. at end 

 of second year when it gradually de- 



creases until gland disappears ; dimen- 

 sions at birth, length, 6 cm. ; breadth, 

 3.7 cm. ; thickness, 6 mm. 

 Thyroid — Transverse diameter, 6-7 cm. ; 



height, 3 cm.; weight, 30-40 gm. 

 Ureters — Length, 28-30 cm., slightly 

 longer on left side and longer in male, 

 diameter of lumen varies, averages 

 2.5 mm. 

 Urethra— Male, length, 16-20.6 cm.; 

 prostatic, 2.5-3.1 cm., membranous, 

 1.5-2.5 cm., and the anterior, 12-15 

 cm. ; female, length, 3.8 cm. ; diameter 

 of lumen averages 7-10 mm. 

 Uterus — (Virginal) length, 7 cm.; 

 breadth, 4 cm.; thickness, 2.5 cm.; 

 weight, 40-50 gm.; the dimensions of 

 a multiparous uterus are each in- 

 creased 1 cm. or more and the weight 

 is increased 20 gms. ; length of cavity 

 in virgin, 5 cm., in multiparae, 5.7 cm. 

 Vagina — Length, 7.6-8.9 cm.; posterior 

 wall is slightlj' longer than the 

 anterior. 

 Normals, Microscopical. Most tissues are 

 e.xamined in but a cursory way. If 

 something is encountered which looks 

 definitely unusual the question of 

 normality comes up, but there are prob- 

 ably numerous instances of tissues 

 which look enough like what was ex- 

 pected to be passed without comment 

 even though they were not in fact normal. 

 This will continue to be the c^se for ap- 

 pearances that cannot easily be 

 expressed quantitatively. To be 

 specific, the normal range in size of the 

 nuclei of human liver cells is not known, 

 neither are the limits of normal varia- 

 tion in amount of interstitial cells of the 

 testicle appreciated. One difficulty is 

 that a microscopically complete exam- 

 ination of any tissue is very rarely made 

 so there is always a chance that the 

 unseen part deviates from the normal. 

 Particularly is this so in large organs 

 like the liver and lungs and in small 

 ones whicli characteristically are prone 

 to exhibit regional diversity such as the 

 prostate, thyroid and the mammary 

 glands. Data concerning the gross 

 examination of organs and tissues stud- 

 ied in sections are always desirable and 

 may provide a significant clue. One 

 must not be led astray by histological 

 Artifacts or Postmortem clianges. In 

 experimental animals the problem is 

 less complicated, because the tissues 

 can always be obtained fresh and it is 

 easier to prepare an adequate series of 

 controls for comparison with the sus- 

 pected specimen. But when we get 

 away from sections to body fluids that 

 can be readily and accurately sampled 

 and in which the cells can be counted 

 per c. mm. both absolutely and differ- 

 entially the verdict of normal or ab- 



