TISSUE CULTURE 



250 



TRACHEA 



recognized only after data have been 

 collected over a considerable time. 

 Consequently experimental conditions 

 should be systematically and com- 

 pletely recorded in a uniform way, so 

 that their influence can be compared in 

 many investigations. Descriptions of 

 cells should be supplemented by photo- 

 graphs and cinematographic records, 

 carefully fixed and stained slides, or 

 other objective permanent records, pre- 

 pared from materials as accurately 

 standardized in handling as possible. 



Tissue Culture of Plants is also a fine art. 

 Fortunately an excellent account is 

 available in book form: White, P. R., 

 A Handbook of Plant Tissue Culture. 

 Lancaster: Jaques Cattell Press, 1943, 

 277 pp. The nutrient fluids used are 

 chiefly composed of pure chemicals, 

 blood plasma, embryo juice and so forth 

 are lacking. The temperature of incu- 

 bation ranges from about 30°C. down 

 to 5°C. The tissues are easily killed 

 by high temperatures. The special 

 techniques required in physiology, 

 pathology and morphogenesis are de- 

 scribed by White who also reviews the 

 literature. The technique of tissue 

 culture has proved useful in researches 

 on the disorderly growth of cells from 

 Crown -galls (White, P. R. and Braun, 

 A. C, Cancer Research, 1942, 2, 597- 

 617). 



Tissue Eosinophiles. Demonstration is 

 easy by the same techniques as for 

 Eosinophile Leucocytes. In rabbits a 

 marked increase of tissue eosinophiles 

 can be produced in maxillary sinus 

 mucosa by pilocarpinization. This at- 

 tains a maximum in 5 min. and disap- 

 pears after 24 hrs. (Nemours, P. R., 

 Arch. Otolaryng., 1933, 17, 38-42). 



Tissue Fluid. All living cells of the body 

 are aquatic. There is reason to think 

 that the tissue fluids, which they in- 

 habit, are not of uniform composition 

 throughout the body but exhibit regional 

 differences '(Cowdry, E. V., Problems of 

 Ageing, Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins, 

 1942, 583-625) . Except when present in 

 large amounts, these tissue fluids can- 

 not be collected for chemical analysis. 

 Consequently microchemical means are 

 important in determination of their 

 nature. They are often described in 

 the literature as intercellular ground 

 substance. Many methods have been 

 described by S. H. Bensley (Auat. Rec, 

 1934, 60, 93-109) for the ground sub- 

 stance of Loose Connective Tissue. 

 See Spreading Factors. A method for 

 quantitative evaluation of tissue fluid- 

 lymph cellular ratios has been reported 

 by Allen, L., Anat. Rec, 1945, 92, 279- 

 287. See also Cartilage and Bone. 



Titan Yellow (CI, 813)— Erie fast yellow 

 WB, thiazole yellow — An acid thiazole 

 dye used in fluorescence microscopy. 

 See method for Magnesium. 



Titanium Dioxide. Huggins, C, Anat. Rec, 

 1939, 74, 231-253 used this compound 

 in a suspension as a vital stain for bone 

 marrow because the amounts taken in 

 by reticuloendothelial cells can be 

 measured. He employed specially puri- 

 fied titanium chloride obtained from 

 Dr. J. L. Turner and the Titanium Pig- 

 ment Corporation, 111 Broadway, New 

 York. The method is to make a fine 

 5% suspension in 2% aq. gum acacia 

 by mixing with an electrical mixer for 

 1 hr. After keeping this at 4°C. for 2 

 days siphon off the supernatant fluid for 

 use to avoid aggregates which settle to 

 the bottom. Keep this likewise on ice 

 but warm to body temperature before 

 intravenous injection. Inject slowly 

 into ear veins of rabbits, each animal to 

 receive 3-6 injections of 10 cc on con- 

 secutive days. The titanium dioxide 

 particles can easily be recognized as a 

 black accumulation in the phagocytes 

 and its amount can be determined 

 chemically in fairly large bone samples 

 by a method detailed by the author. 



Toluene Red. Dimethyldiamidotoluphen- 

 azin. See Platelet staining solutions. 



Toluidin Blue O (CI, 925)— methylene blue 

 T 50 or T extra — Employed very widely. 



Toluidine Blue Phloxinate. Instructions 

 for preparation (Lillie, R. D., Stain 

 Techn., 1941, 16, 1-6). Lillie now 

 recommends Azure Toluidine blue. 



Toluylene Blue (CI, 820). A basic indamin 

 dye, homologue of Bindschelder's Green 

 which see. 



Toluylene Red, see Neutral Red. 



Tolyi Blue 5 R (CI, 289), a disazo mordant 

 dye of light fastness 3 preparation and 

 use of which for plant and animal tissues 

 is described (Emig, p. 37). 



Tony Red, see Sudan IIL 



Torulosis, see Blastomycosis. 



Toxic Neutrophiles (see Neutrophiles, 

 toxic). 



Toxoplasma. These protozoa can be identi- 

 fied microscopically. They can be 

 colored with Wright's or Giemsa's 

 stain in impression preparations (see 

 Srnears). To demonstrate them in sec- 

 tions use Giemsa's stain after Regaud's 

 fixative, eosin-methylene blue after 

 Zenker-acetic or hematoxylin and 

 phloxin after formalin (Pinkerton, H. 

 and Weinman, D., Arch. Path., 1940, 

 30, 374; Sabin, A. B., Advances in Pe- 

 diatrics, 1942, 1, 1). It is helpful in 

 diagnosis to compare mth standard 

 preparations of Sarcocystis and En- 

 cephalitozoa. 



Trachea. Excellent experimental methods 



