TURNBULL BLUE 



255 



ULTRAVIOLET 



Turnbull Blue reaction for iron. Same as 

 Berlin blue except use K ferri cyanide 

 and HCl. 



Turpentine. Not advised as clearing agent. 

 See test for Alcohol absolute. 



Typhus Fever rickettsiae in lungs of mice. 

 (Nyka, W., J. Path. & Bact., 1945, 52, 

 317-324). Fix in 10% neutral formalin. 

 Stain sections in 1:10,000 aq. methyl 

 violet 30 min. to 1 hr. Differentiate in 

 acetic acid (2 drops glacial acetic in 

 100 cc. aq. dest.) till cytoplasm is de- 

 colorized. Counterstain in 1 : 10,000 aq. 

 metanil 3'^ellow for few .seconds. Dehy- 

 drate in acetone, clear in xylol and 

 mount in neutral medium (say immer- 

 sion oil). Rickettsiae, violet. 



Tyrian Purple. The ancients prized this 

 dye very highly. Said to have been 

 discovered when a sheep dog of Hercules 

 bit into a shellfish and stained his mouth 

 bright red, this wonderful dye was first 

 produced for local use in Crete about 

 B.C., 1600, and v\-as later distributed by 

 the Phoenicians bringing business to 

 Tyre; hence the name Tyrian purple. 

 Pliny has given a detailed description 

 of its preparation. Factories for ex- 

 traction of the dye from Murex trunclus 

 were established by the Phoenicians at 

 many points in the Mediterranean 

 basin, chiefly at Tyre, Tarentum and 

 Palermo, and trading points at Cadiz, 

 and in present day Morocco. Tyrian 

 purple became the "roj^al color" em- 

 ployed bj^ royalty in Persia, Babylon, 

 Media and Syria. The robes of Greek 

 generals were purple, likewise those of 

 their Gods. Jewish tabernacle decora- 

 tions were colored by a bluish type of 

 Tj'rian purple. The sails of Cleo- 

 patra's barge were colored purple. Ac- 

 cording to a decree by Caesar Augustus 

 none in the Roman Empire but the Em- 

 peror and his household could wear 

 purple (Leggett, W. F., Ancient and 

 IMedieval Dyes. Brooklyn: Chemical 

 Publishing Co., Inc., 1944, 95 pp.). 



Tyrode solution. NaCl, 0.8 gm.; KCl, 

 0.02 gm.; CaClj, 0.02 gm.; MgCh, 0.01 

 gm.; NaHjPO^, 0.005 gm.; NaHCOs, 

 0.1 gm. (giving pli about 7.5-7.8); 

 dextrose, 0.1 gm.; aq. dest., 100 cc. 

 Solution cannot be boiled but can be 

 passed through a Berkfeld filter. 



Tyrosine Reaction. The procedure of Serra 

 and Lopes which gives better results 

 than the Millon Reaction is specified as 

 follows by Serra, J. A., Stain Techn., 

 1946, 21, 5-18: Prepare tissue as de- 

 scribed under Ninhydrin Reaction. 



"1. Immerse the objects for 30 min- 

 utes in a few milliliters of the mercuric 

 solution (composition: MgS04, 7.5 g.; 

 MgClz, 5.5 g. ; NazSOi, 7.0 g. ;— dissolved 



in 85 ml. of distilled water to which 

 12.5 g. of concentrated H2SO4 is added; 

 after dissolving dilute to 100 ml. with 

 distilled water). Perform the treat- 

 ment in a small glass stoppered bottle, 

 placed in a water bath which is main- 

 tained at 60°C. 



•'2. After the 30-minute treatment, 

 cool the bottle in running water and 

 allow to stand at room temperature for 

 10 minutes. 



"3. Dilute the mercuric solution in 

 the bottle, by addition of an equal vol- 

 ume of distilled water. 



"4. Develop the color, adding now 

 some drops of a freshly-prepared 1 M 

 solution of sodium nitrite (6.9 g. NaN02 

 in 100 ml. of water). 



"The coloration attains its maximum 

 in 3 minutes and lasts for some months, 

 though it fades gradually with time. 

 The materials are mounted and ob- 

 served in pure glycerin, where they can 

 be squeezed or squashed, if necessary. 



"The reaction is principally due to 

 the presence of tyrosine in the protein 

 molecule, and is also produced by other 

 phenolic compounds. The method here 

 described gives with tryptophane only 

 a transient coloration, which lasts no 

 more than a few minutes; it is hoped, 

 therefore, that by this procedure this 

 histochemical test reveals only the tj'^ro- 

 sine in the proteins." 

 Ultracentrifuge, see Centrifugation. 

 Ultramicroscope, see Darkfield. 

 Ultrasonics. The division of acoustics com- 

 prising sound frequencies beyond the 

 limits of perception by the human ear. 

 Radiation of this sort can be very de- 

 structive to living cells. The tech- 

 nique and results are well described by 

 Gregg, E. C., Jr. in Glasser's Medical 

 Physics, 1591-1596. 

 Ultraviolet Microscope. Because the wave 

 length of ultraviolet light is much 

 shorter than that of visible light greater 

 resolution is possible by its use (ap- 

 proximately 0.1m)- The lenses must be 

 of quartz and the image must be located 

 and photographed which is cumber- 

 some. It was employed chiefly for 

 localization of substances like nucleic 

 acid which strongly absorb ultraviolet 

 light. Since greater resolution and a 

 visible image on a fluorescent screen 

 can be secured by employing an Elec- 

 tron Microscope the ultraviolet instru- 

 ment is seldom used. 

 Ultraviolet Photomicrography has certain 

 advantages over visible light photo- 

 micrography because the resolving 

 power of the former is greater in conse- 

 quence of its shorter wave length, and 

 as pointed out by Wyckoff and Louw 



