UREASE 



257 



UROBILIN 



think it very unlikely that the parietal 

 cells contain urease. 



Uremia. Microscopic demonstration of 

 uremia by precipitation of xanthydrol 

 urea in tissue. A modification of 

 Oestreicher's original method is pro- 

 vided by Brown, A. F. and Krajian, 

 A. A., Arch. Path., 1936, 21, 96-99. 



Cut blocks of tissue 2-3 mm. thick. 

 Immerse in fresh xanthydrol solution 

 (xanthydrol, 5 gm., glacial acetic acid 

 100 cc.) at 80°C. for 2 hrs. Wash in 

 running water, 5 mm. Fix in 1 part 

 formaldehyde U.S. P. and 10 parts aq. 

 dest. at 70°C. for 15 min. Wash in tap 

 water and cut 5-10^ frozen sections. 

 Transfer them to slide and pour on 

 several drops "dehydrated alcohol" 

 (presumably abs. ethyl ale.) from a drop 

 bottle and blot. Repeat. Cover by 

 dipping in thin pyroxylin (celloidin) 

 contained in wide mouthed bottle. 

 Fix film of pyroxylin to slide by blowing 

 breath over section and stain in 1% aq. 

 eosin for several minutes. Wash in 

 water, dehydrate in 3 changes dehy- 

 drated alcohol, place in carbol-xylene, 

 clear in 2 changes pure xylene 1 min. 

 each and mount in dammar. Xanthy- 

 drol urea crystals appear as closely 

 packed clusters of yellow-green needles. 



Urinary Casts, staining with methyl blue 

 picric acid. To sediment from centri- 

 fuged urine add 1 drop 0.5% aq. eosin. 

 Mix by side to side shaking. After 1-2 

 min. add 2 drops from 1 cc. 1% aq. 

 methyl blue + 10 cc. sat. aq. picric acid 

 and again mix. Color of sediment 

 should be distinctly bluish green. If it 

 is reddish brown add more methyl blue- 

 picric acid. Transfer to slide cover 

 and examine. The casts should be dis- 

 tinct blue but not too dark. Numerous 

 details are brought out (Behre, J. A. 

 and Muhlberg, W., J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 

 1936-37, 22, 853-856). See the author's 

 figures. 



Urinary Sediments. The following outline 

 is from Stitt (pp. 707-713) much ab- 

 breviated. Concentrate sediment by 

 centrifuging 15 cc. fresh urine 1500 

 r.p.m. 5 min. but not longer. Decant 

 supernatant urine. Suspend sediment 

 in 2 cc. urine as is the practice in the 

 Naval Medical School. By always using 

 these amounts quantitative differences 

 from normal in individual sediments 

 become apparent. Examine for epi- 

 thelial cells, leucocytes, erythrocj'tes, 

 casts, crystalline materials, bacteria 

 and so forth. 



Urine. For microscopic study sediments 

 are divided into classes. 



Details with helpful diagrams are sup- 

 plied by C. J. Gentzkow and H. A. Van 



Auken in Simmons and Gentzkow, 

 26-33. 



Unorganized components depending 

 chiefly on metabolic activities and 

 changes in content of bladder before 

 urination. See also Sulfonamides. 

 Examine for : 

 In acid urines 



Urates, as pink amorphous mate- 

 rials 

 Uric acid, as yellow brown, wedge - 

 like "whetstones", dumb-bell and 

 rosette crystals 

 Calcium oxalate as "envelope" 



crystals 

 Cystine as colorless refractile 6 



sided plates 

 Leucine (yellow spheroids) 

 Tyrosine (fine needles) 

 Hippuric acid (brownish needles 

 or prisms) 

 In neutral urines 

 Above components plus 

 Neutral calcium phosphate (slender 

 pyramidal crystals united at 

 apices forming rosettes) 

 In alkaline urines 

 Phosphate deposits (white amor- 

 phous) 

 Ammonium calcium phosphate 



(coffin lid or feathery crystals) 

 So-called triple phosphate crystals 

 Calcium carbonate (spheres, dumb- 

 bells or amorphous masses) 

 Ammonium urate (dark yellow 

 brown cockle burr crystals) 

 Organized components consisting of 

 cells and their products as well as of 

 casts. Microscopically to identify leu- 

 cocytes, red blood cells and sperms, 

 when present, is eas}'. It is necessary 

 to distinguish between cells from renal 

 tubules, transitional cells from bladder 

 and squamous epithelial cells. The 

 casts are of 4 sorts, hyaline, granular, 

 waxy and bloody. See Addis Count. 



Detection of acid fast bacilli in urine 

 (Kelso, R. E. and Galbraith, T. W., 

 Am. J, Clin. Path., 1943, Techn. Suppl., 

 7. 8-11). 

 Urobilin is a derivative of bilirubin. 

 Schmidt's test for urobilin in feces con- 

 sists of rubbing up small amount of 

 feces in white dish in sat. aq. mercuric 

 chloride whereupon particles containing 

 this pigment take on a deep red color 

 (C. J. Gentzkow and II. A. Van Auken 

 in Simmons and Gentzkow, p. 82). 

 Wintrobe, M. M., Clinical Hematology. 

 Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1942, 703 

 pp. gives several tests for urobilinogen 

 and urobilin. 



1. Remove bile pigments, if present 

 from 10 cc. urine (or aq. suspension 

 feces) by addition of 2 cc. 10% calcium 

 chloride and filtration. Oxidize an> 



