VERHOEFF'S ELASTIC TISSUE 



260 



VIRUSES 



decolorized as determined by examina- 

 tion in water at low magnification. 

 1-2 min. are required. Wash in water 

 for 5 min., counterstain with eosin and 

 mount in usual way. 



Vestibular Apparatus, see Ear. 



Vesuvln, see Bismark Brown Y. 



Victoria Blue (1) B (CI, 729)— corn blue 

 BN, fat blue B— (2) R (CI, 728)— corn 

 blue B, new Victoria blue B or R — (3) 

 4R (CI, 690)— fat blue 4R— A useful 

 basic tri-phenyl methane dye. 4R is 

 quite extensively discussed with other 

 vital stains by Gutstein, M., Zeit. f. d. 

 Ges. Exp. Med., 1932, 82, 479-524. 

 Herzberg, K., Zentralbl. Bakt. I Abt. 

 Orig. 1934, 131, 358-366 employed 4B 

 highly concentrated (Bayer standards, 

 Hollborn), as a stain for filterable 

 viruses (Kikuth, variola, varicella, 

 ectromelia and possibly herpes). Dry 

 smears in air 24 hrs. Stain 5-20 min. 

 in 3% aq. Victoria blue. This dye 

 solution should have been heated to 

 60 °C. for half an hour, allowed to stand 

 2 weeks and filtered before use. To 

 increase intensity of stain add 0.3 cc. 

 10% aq. tartaric acid to 10 cc. of stain. 

 Response of difi"erent viruses to stain 

 is not uniform. Various counterstains 

 are suggested. The various Victoria 

 blues are not easily disentangled. Vic- 

 toria blue (variety unspecified) has, 

 according to Lee (p. 187), a special 

 affinity for elastic fibers and mucous 

 cells. 



Victoria Green B or WB, see Malachite 

 Green, 



Victoria Green G (British Drug Houses 

 Ltd), a triazo dye of benzidine series. 

 In alcoholic solution gives blue green 

 arid yellow green colors. Can be used 

 with Marshall red or Hickson purple (H. 

 G. Cannan, J. Roy. Micr. Soc, 1941, 61, 

 88-94). 



Victoria Rubin O, see Amaranth. 



Villi, method for study of movements (King, 

 C. E. and Arnold, L., Am. J. Physiol., 

 1922, 59, 97-131; King, Arnold and 

 Church, J. G., ibid, 61, 80-92). See 

 Agonal Changes. Changes in shape 

 when intestine is distended (Johnson, 

 E. P., Am. J. Auat., 1912-13, 14, 235- 

 250). 



Vincent's Angina, staining of spirochete. 

 Spread ulcerative material on clean 

 slide. Dry in air and fix with heat. 

 N/20 HCl, 10 sec. Running water, 5 

 sec. Cover with Gram's iodine solu- 

 tion, 5-10 sec. Wash. Cover with 

 anilin gentian violet, 5-10 sec. Wash. 

 Gram's iodine, 5-10 sec. Wash. Anilin 

 gentian violet, 5-10 sec. Wash, blot 

 and examine. Spirochetes deep violet 

 color. Also good for T. pallidum 



(Bailey, H. D., J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 

 1937-38, 23, 960). 



Violamin 3B, possibly related to fast acid 

 blue. 



Violamin R (CI, 758). Lillie, R. D., J. 

 Tech. Methods, 1945, No. 25, 47 pp. has 

 reported that this dye is a good stain 

 for collagen and more light fast than 

 acid fuchsin. Pass sections down to 

 water and stain for 6 min. in Hemalum 

 (Mayer-Lillie) . Wash in tap water and 

 stain 4 min. in 0.1% fast green FCF or 

 in 0.3% Wool Green S (CI, 737) both in 

 1% aq. acetic acid. Wash in 1% aq. 

 acetic acid and stain 10-15 min. in 0.2% 

 acid fuchsin, or in 0.2% violamine R, 

 both in sat. aq. picric acid. Wash 2 

 min. in 1% aq. acetic acid. Dehydrate 

 in alcohol and alcohol-xylol, clear in 

 xylol and mount in clarite. Connective 

 tissue, red; erythrocytes, green; cyto- 

 plasm and muscle, gray-green; and 

 nuclei, brown. 



Violet R, RR or 4RN, see Hofmann's Violet. 



Virchow's Crystals are orange or bright 

 yellow crystals of hematoidin occasion- 

 ally met with in extra vasated blood. 



Viruses may now be studied microscopically 

 in several different ways. There is a 

 general but not very satisfactory dis- 

 tinction made between Elementary 

 Bodies of the viruses which may be 

 extracellular and the Inclusion Bodies 

 which may be larger, are intracellular 

 and may contain cellular material 

 perhaps combined with virus. The 

 Chorioallantoic Membrane has proved 

 to be an excellent tissue in which to 

 examine virus action. See further data 

 under above headings. A very compre- 

 hensive description is: Rocha-Lima, H., 

 Reis, J., and Silberschmidt, K., Metho- 

 den der Virusforschung. Berlin: Ur- 

 ban and Schwarzenberg, 1939, 384 pp. 

 The "ultra virus" diseases of insects re- 

 quire special techniques and they 

 should not so often be ignored in ob- 

 taining a clear view of the viruses as a 

 whole. The following book is a mine 

 of useful information Paillot, A., L'ln- 

 fection Chez Les Insectes. Imprimerie 

 de Tr^voux, G. Patissier, 1933, 535 pp. 

 The Electron Microscope is of great 

 service in study of viruses. 



Botanists have greatly advanced 

 knowledge of the chemical composition 

 of viruses. Discussion by Bawden, 

 F. C, Plant Viruses and Virus Diseases. 

 Waltham: Chronica Botanica Co., 1943, 

 294 pp. of data bearing on the purity of 

 virus crystals, paracrystals and liquid 

 crystals shows the use and limitations 

 of present day techniques. His photo- 

 micrographs of the virus crystals are 

 interesting. The earlier literature is 

 well summarized. 



