A NATURALIST IN BRAZIL 



Tree-climbing frogs, Dendrobatcs trivitatus and tinctorius. The poisonous 

 exudation of the latter is used by the Indians in their arrow-poison. 



Tree-creepers, Dendrocolaptidae, i6i 



Tree-ferns, in Brazil the species Alsophila taenitis, plagiopteris and phalerata, 85 



Tree-frogs, 270-3 



Tree-melon, Mamao (in English, Papaw or Pawpaw), Carica papaya, probably 

 from Mexico, but now distributed throughout the Tropics, as it grows 

 readily from seeds, 140-1, 213, 241 



Tree-porcupine, Coendu villosus and prehensibilis, 173 



Tree-stranglers. For the Tree-strangling Figs the section Urostigma has been 

 established, but they still bear their old name of Fig (Moraceae). The 

 Brazilian Gamelleira is Ficus doliaria. There are also Tree-stranglers 

 among the American Clusiaceae (Abano, Clusia fluminensis) belonging to 

 the Guttiferae ; some of them are epiphytes, which seems to point to the 

 derivation of the stranglers from the Figs. Now, of course, the Clusia grows 

 upwards from the ground. It first supports itself upon a tree, preferably a 

 Palm, when an adhesive gum exudes from the wounded bark. The plant 

 forms fleshy leaves, which are so heavy that they crush the shoots. These 

 rub against and wound one another, adhere together, and finally coalesce, 

 and as the process continues a trellis is formed, which grows closer and 

 closer, and at last becomes a closed tube. Martius saw whole ranks of 

 Macaiba-palms whose crowns emerged most strangely from the flower- 

 and leaf-covered tubes in which they were imprisoned. This Clusia 

 alba does not injure the palm, as a palm-tree does not increase in girth. 

 111-12 



Trepadieras = Lianas. 



Treub's works, in the Annalen von Buitenzorg, vol. 3 and elsewhere, 83 



Trigger-fish, see Parrot-fish. 



Trintareis, see Tern. 



Trumpet-flower, creeper, Tecoma radicans (Bignoniaceae), 93 



Tropical gardens, 131-44 



Tropics, the, 64 



Tubarao, a shark. 



Tucunar^, Cichla temensis and ocellaris, 274 



Turucuhe, Synallaxis ruficapilla, 187-8, 251 



Tuyu-yia or Cabe^a de pedra (Stone-head), Tantalus americana. 



Turtles and Tortoises. In Brazil, Tartarugas. The most important of the Brazilian 

 turtles is Podocnemys expansa, frequent in the Amazon, whose tender 

 meat (tasting like veal) is a staple food. It is found also in Eastern Brazil. 

 In the rivers and ponds of Central and Southern Brazil are the Kdgados or 

 Snake-necked Turtles (Hydromedusa tectifera) and other species. An 

 amphibious Tortoise is the Aperema (Geoemyda punctularia) ; and a 

 land-tortoise which lives chiefly in the forests is the Jaboty (Testudo tabu- 

 lata). Of the marine turtles, the Suruana or Scaly Turtle (Chelonia mydas) 

 lays its eggs on the shore ; other marine turtles are Chelonia imbricata or 

 the Hawksbill Turtle (which yields the best tortoise-shell) and the Logger- 

 head (Caretta caretta). 47 



Two-headed Snake, Cobra das duas cabe^as, Amphisbaena, alba, really a 

 lizard, 342 



Tyrants, Tyrannidae, so called on account of their confident bearing, and because, 

 like the Bemtevi, they give notice of anything that attracts their attention, 

 and so seem ro rule the whole neighbourhood. Among the Bemtevis are 

 Pitangus sulphuratus Maximiliani, P. lictor (Bemtevi pequeno), Tyrannus 



