THE PRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE 183 



means least, the great philanthropic foundations have, in the 

 end, provided the funds, but at a great sacrifice of time and 

 effort by scientific men. 



To a certain extent, the industrial research laboratories 

 will undertake responsibility for special fields of work. The 

 Kodak Research Laboratories in Rochester are, indeed, a 

 research institute devoted to the study of photography (Chap- 

 ter IX, page 208). But industrial laboratories are funda- 

 mentally intended to deal ^vith the application of science 

 rather than with the creation of new knowledge, and it is 

 almost certain that they cannot be expected to provide ade- 

 quately for the advancement of science on all fronts. 



Public taxation is a very important source of the funds 

 needed for the support of scientific research at the present 

 time and one likely to supply the greater part of those funds 

 in the future. In Soviet Russia, with its planned economy, 

 the government has already organized its scientific ^vork in 

 a great group of research institutes distributed throughout 

 the land and controlled, in the last instance, by the members 

 of the Academy of Sciences.* The Academy was founded by 

 Peter the Great. Formerly, its headquarters were in Lenin- 

 grad, but they have been transferred to Moscow. There are 

 about ninety academicians. In general, each group of in- 

 stitutes is operated by a special committee wIiost^ chairman 

 is one of the members of the Academy. Thus, in agricultural 

 science. Professor T. D. Lysenko of the Academy is the presi- 

 dent of the Academy of Agiicultural Science, which includes 

 altogether thirty members of the Academy of Sciences. Under 

 this operating committee there are throtighout the Soviet 

 Union over three hundred institutes of various sizes contain- 

 ing, as a whole, about ten thousand scientists and, in addi- 

 tion, about eight thousand general assistants, field, and labora- 

 tory workers. The administrative control of the system is 

 operated separately from the direction of the scientific work. 



* J. G. Crowther, Soviet Science, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, 

 Trubner & Co., Ltd., 1936. 



