204 . THE PATH OF SCIENCE 



70,000. An estimate of the total expenditure on industrial 

 research in the United States, based upon the cost per man 

 in a number of laboratories, gives a total figure for 1940 ex- 

 ceeding $300,000,000. Since the increase in industrial re- 

 search continued through the years of war, it is not unlikely 

 that the total expenditure for 1945 was of the order of 

 $500,000,000. Incidentally, these figures offer a complete 

 refutation to the gloomy prophesies of certain "liberal" think- 

 ers of thirty years ago. At that time, one of the arguments 

 that Justice Brandeis used against the development of large 

 units in industry was that they would infallibly neglect 

 technical and scientific research and, thus, progress would 

 be stifled by the operation of what he considered to be 

 monopoly.* 



Industrial research in the United Kinordom has o^rown 

 rapidly both before and during the war. According to Dun- 

 sheath, f the direct expenditure of the Department of Scien- 

 tific and Industrial Research was about $2,000,000 and of 

 the Research Associations J (in 1938) about as much again. 

 Expenditure by private companies is much lower than in 

 the United States but is still very considerable. A survey 

 by the Federation of British Industries published in the 

 early part of 1946 recorded 9000 graduate scientists engaged 

 on research and development in British industry, with a 

 total expenditure thereon of about £20,000,000 annually— 

 a proposed increase of research staff of 25 per cent and of 

 laboratory space of more than 2,000,000 square feet. 



Industrial laboratories may be classified in three general 

 divisions: 



1. Plant laboratories exerting analytical and testing con- 

 trol over materials, processes, and product. 



* The statement by Brandeis was actually quoted in 1944 by N. Kaldor 

 at a conference on industrial research in England as if it represented a 

 fact instead of a quite erroneous prediction! 



f P. Dunsheath, "Industrial Research in Great Britain: a Policy for 

 the Future," Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 91, 167, 242 (1943). 



iPage 211. 



