xu 



CONTENTS 



3. 

 4. 



6. 



6. 

 7. 

 8. 

 9. 



of 



2.1. Making a Diffraction Plate 



2.2. Diffraction Plate with 3X /4 Optical Path Step 



2.3. Principles of the Achromatic Diffraction Plate 



2.4. Principles of Color Phase Contrast 



2.5. Nomenclature for Diffraction Plates 



Alignment of the Phase Microscope 



Some Features of Phase Equipment of Different Manufacture 



4.1. Phase Objectives 



4.2. Substage Condensers and Condenser Mounts .... 



4.3. Centering Telescopes 



Some Effects of Varying the Dimensions and Optical Characteristics 



the Conjugate Area 



The Phase Vertical-Illumination Microscope 



Phase Microscopy with Ultraviolet and Infrared Illumination 



Frangon's System for Phase Microscopy 



Systems of Variable Phase Microscopy 



9.1. Polanret Methods for Phase Microscopy 



9.2. A Highly Flexible Polanret System 



Neutral and Anti-Neutral Quadrants in Polanret Systems . 

 Polanret Systems Having Continuously Variable Amplitude 



Ratios 



Application of Brewster's Angle Phonomona to Variable Trans 



mission Phase Microscopy .... 

 Variable Color-Amplitude Phase Microscopy . 



9.3. 

 9.4. 



9.5. 



9.6. 



IV. THE TECHNICS OF PHASE MICROSCOPY . 



1. Comparison of Phase Microscopy with Other Methods 



2. Illuminants 



3. General Principles for Applied Phase Microscopy . 



3.1. Preparation Methods . 



3.2. Transparent Specimens 



3.3. Emulsions and Suspensions . 



3.4. Slightly Absorbing Specimens 



3.5. Adding Color to Phase Contrast 



3.6. Photomicrography 



V. PHASE MICROSCOPY IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 



1. Orientation 



2. Technic 



3. Microorganisms .... 



3.1. Bacteria, Phage, and Virus . 



3.2. Other Fungi .... 



3.3. Algae and Higher Plants 



3.4. Protozoa and Higher Animals 



4. Cytology 



6. Killing and Fixation 



6. Embryology and Histology 



6.1. Embryology .... 



6.2. Histology .... 



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