CONTENTS 



xiu 



7. Tissue Culture .... 



8. Examination of Surfaces 



9. Ray Tracks and Radioautographs 



10. Physiological Applications . 



11. Medical Applications . 



VI 



215 

 215 

 217 

 219 

 219 



INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF PHASE MICROSCOPY . 223 



1. Chemicals, Crystals, and Minerals 223 



2. Clay and Dust 227 



3. Foods, Drugs, and Pharmaceuticals 228 



4. Fat, Grease, Oil, and Soap 229 



5. Paint and Pigments 229 



6. Glass and Plastics 230 



7. Paper 231 



8. Metal Surfaces 231 



9. Rubber 234 



10. Textiles 234 



VII. 



APPENDIX: THE DIFFRACTION THEORY OF PHASE MICROS- 

 COPY WITH KOHLER ILLUMINATION 



238 



1. 

 2. 

 3. 

 4. 

 5. 



Introduction 238 



The Primary Diffraction Integral 241 



The Pupil Function P{p, q) in Phase Microscopy 245 



Specification of the Coating Function c(p, q) in Phase Microscopy . 251 



The Primary DifTraction Integral with Airy-Type Objectives . . 252 



6. A Transport Property of the Primary DilTraction Integral . 254 



7. The Most General Statement of the Diffraction Integrals of Phase 



Microscopy 255 



8. The Diffraction Integrals in Terms of the Object Function /(xo, yo, 



po, qo) 257 



9. The Object Function /(xo, i/o, po, qo) for Plate-Like Object Particles . 261 



10. Phase Microscopy with Objects of Periodic Structure .... 264 



10.1. Phase Gratings Whose Higher Orders Are Altered Uniformly . 271 



10.2. Absorption Gratings Viewed under Narrow-Coned Axial 



Illumination 275 



10.3. Phase Gratings Whose Zero Order is Altered Non-Uniformly 



with Respect to the Higher Orders 277 



11. The Image Function Fo(x, ?/, Po, qo) for a Uniform Object Particle in a 



Large Field of View 282 



12. Criterion for Isolated Particles 285 



13. The Energy Density in the Far Interior of a Large Particle . . 287 



14. Conditions for Reduction to the Elementary Theory .... 288 



15. Conditions under Which Hp = I Over an Extended Area . . . 290 



16. Critical versus Kohler Illumination 295 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 



AUTHOR INDEX 311 



SUBJECT INDEX 315 



