LIFE; BODY AND MIND 203 



recognize in an organism certain phenomena 

 which we call material, and others which we call 

 mental, and therefore as a sort of shorthand 

 we talk of body and mind. But when we say "the 

 body has a mind" or "the mind has a body," we 

 may be falling into the same sort of confusion 

 that I discussed in the third chapter, where we 

 saw that the physicist, in trying to understand 

 the phenomenon of light, obscured the problem 

 by inventing an unnecessary ether, to which he 

 ascribed properties additional to those of light 

 itself. If in order to avoid the trouble of saying 

 that the living individual exhibits both material 

 and mental phenomena we simply say it has 

 body and mind, let us imply no more than when 

 we say that an electron has a charge and a field, 

 recognizing that they are but different aspects 

 of the same individual. 



When we come to examine the mental traits 

 of man we may roughly divide them into two 

 gi'oups, one of which refers to the degree of 

 adaptation to the existing environment, and the 

 other refers to adaptiveness to a changing en- 

 vironment. The first class suggests some such 

 term as wisdom^ the second may be classed as 

 intelligence. The first includes traits that show 

 some profiting by experience, such as memories, 



