LIFE; BODY AND MIND 205 



But we must remember that the use of tools is 

 only one way of showing intelligence, and one 

 that is preeminently human. I doubt very much 

 whether the ape could ever be as successful in 

 herding sheep as the dog is. 



Indeed, it is quite impossible to place man at 

 the head of the list with respect to each of these 

 mental traits. With respect to one^ — instinct — • 

 he occupies a quite inferior place. The rudi- 

 mentary character of instinct in man seems to 

 be due to his having found a substitute. The 

 use of tools is but one symptom of what might 

 be called externalization. The bee stores honey 

 for posterity, the bird teaches its young to fly, 

 but what are these compared with the enor- 

 mous hoards of material and spiritual wealth 

 that man accumulates from generation to gen- 

 eration! His habits of instruction, his stores of 

 oral and written lore, his schools, his universi- 

 ties, his libraries — all these external accumula- 

 tions represent the greater part of that adapta- 

 tion to environment which in the human species 

 has nearly taken the place of instinct. 



The enormous power which this habit of 

 hoarding has given him, perhaps leads man to 

 overestimate his other talents. If we should de- 

 fine intelligence as ability to meet successfully 



