COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL RESEARCH IO9 



ments in a number of instances. Though the Army felt that it could not 

 grant requests of this kind, twelve Medical Officers were made available 

 in February 1944 on Bush's request to the Commanding General, Army 

 Service Forces, to assist in the clinical testing of new antimalarial drugs 

 as part of the antimalarial program which the Army and Navy regarded 

 as of primary importance for the prosecution of the war. 



Human Subjects for Experiments. In several contracts it became essen- 

 tial to determine the effectiveness upon human subjects of procedures which 

 had been evolved in the laboratory, before they could be recommended to 

 the Services. The Army was properly unwilling to allow CMR investigators 

 the use of miUtary personnel for these purposes except in special fields: 

 measures for combating fatigue were studied with soldiers at Fort Sheri- 

 dan, IlHnois, Fort Knox, Kentucky, and Camp Young, California, in 1942- 

 1943, and extensive studies of water requirements and the effects of water 

 deprivation were conducted with desert troops in southern California in 

 1943 and 1944. 



This by no means satisfied the needs of the program. After some explora- 

 tion, volunteers were obtained from groups of prisoners and conscientious 

 objectors who agreed to serve as subjects in experiments which were always 

 attended by discomfort and sometimes by danger. The prisoners received 

 certificates of merit from CMR and most of them received honoraria of 

 from $25 to $100 for their participation in the experiments; the conscien- 

 tious objectors received certificates of service but no compensation. The 

 details and hazards of each experiment were, of course, fully explained to 

 the volunteers before its initiation, and their understanding of the circum- 

 stances acknowledged in writing. 



Prisoners were first used in the CMR program in the summer of 1942 

 at the Massachusetts State Prison Colony in Norfolk, Massachusetts, when 

 65 volunteers were injected with bovine albumin. From the Federal Peni- 

 tentiary at Terre Haute, Indiana, 247 subjects became available for an 

 investigation into the prophylaxis of gonorrhea conducted for CMR by the 

 United States Public Health Service and the Bureau of Prisons, Depart- 

 ment of Justice. The largest and most important use of prisoners was made 

 in connection with the testing of new antimalarial drugs. Over 1350 vol- 

 unteers were concerned in these projects, carried on under supervision of 

 the Board for Co-ordination of Malarial Studies, at the United States Peni- 

 tentiary in Adanta, Georgia, the Stateville Prison, Joliet, Illinois, the New 

 Jersey State Reformatory, Rahway, New Jersey, and the United States 

 Army DiscipHnary Barracks, Green Haven, New York. 



When the services of conscientious objectors were desired, application 

 was made by CMR to the Camp Operations Division of National Selective 

 Service System Headquarters. If its approval were obtained, and if no ob- 

 jection were made to the purpose of the experiment by representatives of 



