Bailey & Bailey: Woody Plants of National Parks 71 



Field Guide to the Species 



Leaflets 3 to 11 ; flower clusters short, I to 2 J, '2 inches long; bud scales small, soon 

 falling. 



Leaflets 3 to 7, thick anci leathery, comparatively few-toothed, the margins 

 rigidly spine-toothed; coarse shrubs. 



Leaflets 3 to 5, dull yellowish, Yl to ' 'iich long, narrowly egg-shaped, 

 usually about J/2 mch wide and with a long pointed tip; flowers 

 in rather loose few-flowered clusters along the stems; occurs in 

 the Southwest I. M. Fremonii. 



Leaflets 3 to 7, usually green above, dull below, oval to egg-shaped, I to 2 

 inches long, J/2 to % inch wide; flowers borne in compact clusters 



along the stems; occurs in Sequoia National Park 



2. M. dicl^oia 



Leaflets 3 to 11, thinner, with more numerous teeth and slender spines; plants 

 J/2 to 3 feet high. 



Stems prostrate or ascending, J/2 to 1 foot high ; leaflets dull green ; found 



in Rocky Mountains and Southwest 3. M. repens. 



Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet high; leaflets shiny-green above; found in the 

 Northwest. 



Leaflets glossy-green and smooth below; occurs at Olympic and 



Mount Rainier National Parks 4. M. aquifolium. 



Leaflets dull below and covered with fine protuberances; occurs at 



Crater Lake National Park 5. M. Piperiana. 



Leaflets 11 to 21, shiny green above; flower clusters elongated, 2 to 6 inches long; 



bud scales % to I % inches long, persistent; occurs in Northwest 



6. M. nervosa. 



I. Fremont Hollygrape (Mahonia Fremonti (Torr.) Fedde), fig. 24. 

 — Stiffly branching shrub 4 to 8 feet high, or tree-hke and becoming 15 feet 

 high; bark rough and furrowed; leaflets 3 to 5, 1/2 to 1 inch long, narrowly egg- 

 shaped, the terminal tapering to a long point at the tip, yellowish or grayish- 

 green, stiff and leathery, the margins with 5 to 7 rigidly spine-tipped teeth; 

 flowers yellow, 3 to 9 in a cluster at the enc's of short slender stems, these 

 stems borne singly or in groups of several on short leafy branches along the 

 main stems; fruit a berry, roundish, about I/2 inch or less in diameter, at 

 first dark blue, later becoming dull brown, dry and somewhat inflated. (Syn. 

 Berber s Fremonti Torr.). 



Fremont hollygrape is known also as yellow-wood because the bark and 

 roots were used by the Navajo Indians to make a yellow dye for buckskins, 

 cloth and baskets. The leaves are sometimes browsed by deer in the winter 

 or when other food is scarce. This species has been found to be susceptible 

 to the black stem rust of grains. 



Occurrence. — ZION, reported from lower elevations. GRAND CANYON, 3,800 to 7,000 

 feet. South Rim, in the pifion-juniper belt: near Bright Angel Lodge; frail to Powell 

 Memorial; south of Rowe's Well; Yavapai Point; Desert View. Canyon, common on 

 south side of Colorado River: Bright Angel trail; Indian Gardens. 



2. Netvein Mahonia, California Hollygrape (Mahonia dictyota 

 (Jepson) Fedde.). — Bushy shrubs 1 to 6 feet high, sometimes forming thick- 



