8 NATIONAL TRENDS IN BIOLOGY 



ship in 1837. Then, in 1880, Carl Joseph Eberth, professor 

 of histology and pathology in the University of Halle- 

 Wittenberg, described the bacillus typhosus which he 

 found in the tissues of patients who had died of typhoid 

 fever. In 1884, George Gaffky, professor of hygiene in 

 Berlin, succeeded in growing these bacteria in a pure 

 culture. 



In 1888, Chantemesse, professor of hygiene in Paris, 

 and Professor Widal, of the department of pathology in 

 the same city, inoculated mice with typhoid bacilli, which 

 had first been killed by heat. The mice became immune. 

 In 1892, these men were able to produce immunity in 

 guinea pigs and rabbits. Professor Brieger, the hydro- 

 therapist of Berlin, Professor Kitasato, the pathologist of 

 Tokio, Professor Wassermann, the experimental therapist 

 of Berlin, and Professor Bruschettini confirmed previous 

 results. 



In 1894, Pfeiffer, a German physician, and Kolle, the 

 bacteriologist in Berne, Switzerland, used antityphoid 

 vaccination in the human body. Two years later. Sir 

 Almroth Wright of London, began a systematic vaccina- 

 tion of human beings on a large scale, and in 1899 Chante- 

 messe of Paris, vaccinated the personnel of his hospital. 



In 1900, two Russians, working in Paris, Metchnikoff 

 and Besredka, produced the disease in apes experimen- 

 tally, thus establishing the final proof of the relationship 

 between the germ and the disease. From that time onward, 

 control measures were possible. 



