108 NATIONAL TRENDS IN BIOLOGY 



In Chemistry: 



Sir William Ramsay (1904) for his researches in rare 

 atmospheric gases ; 



Sir Ernest Rutherford (1908) for his work on radio- 

 active bodies ; 



Frederick Soddy (1921) for his work on radioactiv- 

 ity ; and 



Francis Wm. Aston (1922) for his work on spectrother- 

 apy and on radioactivity. 



Czechoslovakia 



The traditional work of Czechoslovakia has always been 

 in the fields of anatomy, physiology, cytology, and plank- 

 tonology. To this must be added the work of later years 

 on morphology, in heredity, on hormones, and on the na- 

 ture of tropisms. 



Prague, the oldest university of Central Europe and 

 the only one in Czechoslovakia up to 1882, was, of course, 

 under Austrian influence, and has become a German uni- 

 versity. A real national university was opened in 1882, 

 and only after the war (1919) was the second national 

 university, that of Brno opened. The Czechoslovakian 

 youth, therefore, had to gain their scientific training in 

 secondary schools. 



The great names in biology are : 



1. J. E. Purkyne (Purkinje), one of the early workers 

 whose researches led to the recognition of protoplasm, and 

 who did a vast amount of work on the nervous system ; 



2. Beneden and (3) Boveri, known for their work on 



