118 NATIONAL TRENDS IN BIOLOGY 



4. Johan Hjort and Sir John Murray, whose Depths of 

 the Ocean (London, 1912) is significant because it gives 

 a very valuable account of the important Michael Sars 

 Expedition of 1910. A new turning point to marine in- 

 vestigations was given by this work, primarily because 

 it introduced a new technique, but mostly by its elaborate 

 discussions of marine problems and its furnishing a new 

 point of view for marine questions. Hjort's Fluctuations 

 in the Great Fisheries of Northern Europe is, however, 

 probably the more important, because this work has been 

 the cause of a collaboration and a coordination between 

 biological theory and practice unthinkable a few years 

 ago. Hjort makes clear just what effect these fluctuations 

 have throughout all living organisms. He shows how, by 

 a biological understanding theoretically worked out, we 

 obtain an understanding of nature that, in turn, is the real 

 cause of practical application in all those industries which 

 have anything to do with the handling, raising, or selling 

 of either the living things themselves or any products 

 derived therefrom. 



Among the older workers are: (5) Johan Ernst Gun- 

 nerus; (6) INIichael Sars; (7) Georg Ossian Sars. 



Sweden 



To Sweden we owe the existence of one of the foremost 

 international institutions of all the world — that of the 

 Nobel Institute — which gives to deserving scientific men 

 not only a substantial prize for exceptional work of an 



