122 NATIONAL TRENDS IN BIOLOGY 



Japan 



Here there are two names known to the Western World : 



1. Hideyo Noguchi, whose work has been done mostly 

 in the United States. He is known for his researches on 

 snake venoms; for a new method of obtaining pure vac- 

 cine for smallpox ; for working out a pure cultivation of 

 s)qDhilitic organisms ; for his microscopic work in infantile 

 paralysis; for his proving that treponema pallidum is 

 present in the brain in general paresis as well as in the 

 spinal cord in locomotor ataxia, and finally, for the intro- 

 duction of a skin test for syphilis. 



For an account of his work see S. Paget's "Noguchi 's 

 Researches in Infective Diseases," Science, Nov. 21, 1913. 



2. Shibasaburo Kitasato, one of Japan's most eminent 

 bacteriologists, discovered the cause of the bubonic plague 

 in 1894 and the dysentery bacillus in 1898. 



Australia and New Zealand 



From this region come two of the best-known biologists 

 in the English-speaking world, whose great A Text Book 

 of Zoology has passed through three editions and is still 

 a standard work of reference. They are William A. Has- 

 well, of the University of Sydney in Australia, and T. 

 Jeffery Parker, of the University of Otago, New Zealand. 



In this far-off region where there is little opportunity 

 of intellectual intercourse with the center of scientific 

 work, each worker is kept busy with teaching and ad- 



