NATURE AND CONDITIONS OF ART 



85 



21 Thus, the very passages he cites to illustrate Taine's analysis of the work 

 of art 'primarily in terms of its creator, rather than in terms of the object it 

 represents' (p. 151) contain references to 'some character of the objecf and the 

 fact that the artist has 'transformed the object^ (p. 152, our italics) {op. cit.). 



22 A similar attempt at a balance between concepts of imitation and expres- 

 sion is found in Heinrich Wolfflin's Principles of Art History: The Problem of the 

 Development of Style in Later Art. Like Taine, Wolfflin finds that style has a 

 'double root': '. . . to the personal style must be added the style of the school, the 

 country, the race' (p. 6) ; and he alternates discussion of purely aesthetic, formal 

 concepts — like 'linear' and 'painterly' — with sections on 'Historical and 

 National Characteristics'. On imitation-expression, he writes: 'It is no felicitous 

 metaphor to call art the mirror of life, and a survey which takes the history of 

 art essentially as the history of expression runs the risk of disastrous one-sided- 

 ness' (p. 226, in a section on 'External and Internal History of Art'). 



23 Lectures, First Series, p. 87, Taine's italics. 



24 Ibid., p. 94. 



25 Ibid., p. 105. 



26 Ibid., p. 160. 



27 Ibid., p. 161. 



28 Ibid., p. 164. 



29 Ibid., p. 165. 



30 Lectures, Second Series, p. 9. 



31 See the 'Selected Bibliography', passim. 



32 Italy (1871), I, pp. iv-v. 



33 Lectures, Second Series, p. 13. I -/ Jt- 



^"^ Ibid., p. 18. [^7 v'-5> 



35 Ibid. 



36 Ibid. 



37 Ibid. 



38 Ibid. 



p- 

 p- 

 p- 

 p- 



18. 



19- 



23- 



36. 



better through its 



^^ Ibid., p. 61. 



40 Ibid., p. 52. 



41 Ibid., p. 61. 



42 Ibid., p. 63, Note. 



43 Thus, for Taine, we understand 'the Italian soul . 

 history than by a definition of it' {ibid., p. 82). 



44 Ibid. Taine, writing in 1865, compares this to the situation 'in America 

 ... in the places where the gold-hunters flock in crowds and live haphazard 

 without having yet formed a government' {ibid., p. 83). 



45 Ibid., p. 104. 



46 Ibid., p. 130. 



47 Ibid., p. 131. 



48 Ibid., p. 152. 



49 Ibid., pp. 415-416. 



50 Ibid., p. 450. 



51 Ibid., p. 442. 



