BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: RACE AND GEOGRAPHY 99 



20 Op. cit.j p. 61. 



21 Ibid., p. 69, our italics. 



22 A Study of History, Part II, 'The Geneses of Civilizations'. 



23 History of English Literature, I, 30. 



24 JVotes on England, p. 47. 



25 /3zW., p. 54. 



26 /3?W., p. 310. 



27 Ibid., p. 313. 



28 Cf. the main headings in R. R. Marett's article on 'Anthropology' in the 

 Encyclopaedia Britannica: 'The Study of Environment', 'The Study of Race', 

 'The Study of Culture', 'Material and Moral Culture', 'The Competition 

 Between Ethnic Types' (14th ed.). 



29 The first reference to The Origin of Species (1859) is in the 'Introduction' 

 to the History of English Literature (1863); the first considerable application of 

 Darwin's principle of natural selection is in Sections II and III of the part 'On 

 the Production of the Work of Art' in The Philosophy of Art (1864). Few modern 

 readers are aware of the full title of Darwin's book: The Origin of Species by 

 means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 



30 See above, Chapter II, Note 9, and Chapter VI, pp. 108-109. 



31 Lectures, Second Series, p. 22. 



32 Race: A Study in Modern Superstition, passim. Chapter V, on 'Race and the 

 Fine Arts', includes a discussion of Taine and his influence (pp. 123-126). It 

 was in protest against this tendency that Ernest Renan delivered a famous 

 lecture at the Sorbonne (11 March, 1882): 'What Is a Nation?' (available in 

 The Poetry of the Celtic Races, and other Studies by Ernest Renan) . Renan attacked 

 the confounding of nationhood with race, language, religion, community of 

 interest, or geography, insisting that 'A nation is a living soul, a spiritual 

 principle' (p. 80). 



33 Lectures, Second Series, pp. 1 69-1 71. 



34 The difficulty of some of these distinctions may be judged from the 

 following passage: 'Germanic countries are the patrimony of free parliamentary 

 rule. You see it established today in Sweden, in Norway, in England, in Bel- 

 gium, in Holland, in Prussia, and even in Austria; the colonists engaged in 

 clearing Australia and the West of America, plant it in their soil, and, however 

 rude the new-comers may be, it prospers at once, and is maintained without 

 difficulty' {ibid., p. 185). Subsequent events have read Prussia, at least, out of 

 this 'family' of 'free' nations. 



35 Ibid., p. 191, our italics. 



36 The naivete of some of Taine's 'causes' can be illustrated by 'that restless 

 and exaggerated desire for action which a dry atmosphere, sudden changes 

 from heat to cold, a surplus electricity, have implanted in the Americans of the 

 United States' (!) {Ibid., p. 199). 



37 Ibid., p. 201. 



38 Ibid., p. 231, our italics. 



39 Ibid., p. 361. 



40 Ibid., pp. 362-3. Taine may have been referring here to Max Miiller's 

 hypothesis concerning a primitive 'Aryan' tongue which, much against 

 Miiller's original intention, was transferred from the study of language to that 

 of race and eventually became part of Nazi ideology. 



