I40 ANALYSIS AND CRITICISM 



influence produced such works as fimile Boutroux's The Contingency of the Laws 

 of Nature (1874), which opposed the fundamental category of 'necessary 

 relation' and stressed the reality of flux; this line of thought was given further 

 development by Henri Bergson {Time and Free Will, 1889; Creative Evolution, 



1907)- 

 However, despite the popularity and persuasiveness of such attacks, they 



often consist of more poetry than science (see my essay: 'Henri Bergson's 



Method'). As Professor Muller puts it, 'the principle of determination has not 



actually been abandoned in science, but ... as now formulated it is less 



frightening. It is no longer a doctrine of mechanical predestination: it is a 



description of invariant sequences and relations — of the orderliness in nature 



that alone makes intelligent behaviour possible' (p. 85). In psychology, the 



Gestalt approach has enabled us to recognize levels of determination (p. 163); 



in the social sciences, there has been a reaction against Marxian economic 



determinism, which does violence both to 'the basic uniformities of all lives in a 



common environment; and the immense heterogeneity of individual or group 



interests and purposes' (p. 193). 



That Taine recognized an element of chance, or indeterminism, is evident 



from his essay on Mill: 'Here Mill is right. Chance is at the end of all our 



knowledge, as on the threshold of all our postulates . . .' [History of English 



Literature, II, 615). 



31 Op. cit., p. 216. Also mentioned as having fallen prey to the 'race hypo- 

 thesis' are Arnold, Carlyle, Meredith, Stendhal, Sainte-Beuve, and Renan. 



32 Ibid., p. 43. 



33 Ibid., p. 171. 



34 Ibid., p. 181, our italics. 



35 Ibid., p. 222. 



36 Ibid., pp. 230-238. 



37 Ibid., p. 237. 



38 Cf. our Chapter VIII, 'Problems, Not Solutions'. 



39 Chapter headings in Dewey's Art as Experience. 



'^o Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, Chapters II and III. 



"^1 Together, of course, with the 'intimations' which spring from the 

 unconscious. 



"^2 Chapter headings from Dewey's Art as Experience. 



^^3 Cf. Chapter VI, 'Art as Imitation and Expression'. 



^'^ Mark Schorer, et al., Criticism: The Foundations of Modern Literary Judgment, 

 'Introduction'. 



45 See the discussion by Wellek and Warren of the problems connected with 

 the various kinds of experience involved in reading [op. cit., pp. 146-151), 

 especially the issue of the presumed 'intention' of the author (pp. 148-149). 



46 'The Historical Interpretation of Literature', in The Triple Thinkers: 

 Twelve Essays on Literary Subjects, p. 261. 



47 History of English Literature, I, 9. The idea of such causes is a persistent one; 

 for example, we find Professor Muller summarizing Ruth Benedict's analysis 

 of Dobuan culture, in her Patterns of Culture, as follows: 'Their society is organ- 

 ized by a. permanent, universal animosity and malevolence . . .' {op. cit., p. 210, 

 our italics). 



48 Op. cit., p. 15. 



