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Contents 



Foreword ix 



Chapter I. Physical Aspects of Image Formation in Microscopy 



1. Introduction 1 



2. Image of a luminous point exhibited by the objective of a microscope 



in monochromatic hght 2 



3. Image of a luminous point originated by a reflecting objective 8 



4. Image of a luminous point when the microscope is not properly focused 

 (monochromatic light) 9 



5. Image of a luminous point in white light 14 



6. Luminous point imaged in the presence of aberrations 19 



7. Objects in coherent, incoherent and partially coherent illumination 24 



8. Extended objects imaged in incoherent illumination 31 



9. Extended objects imaged in coherent and partially coherent illumination 39 



10. Perception limit and resolving power 48 



11. Stray light 59 



12. Reducing the grain of photographic images 61 



Chapter II. Phase-contrast Microscopy 



1. Transparent objects 64 



2. Principle of the phase-contrast method 64 



3. Contrast and sensitiveness of the method 71 



4. Image structure in phase-contrast 73 



5. Perception limit and resolving power. Effects of stray light 75 



6. Phase-contrast microscopes in transmitted light 76 



7. Phase-contrast applications 90 



Chapter III. Interference Microscopy in Transmitted Light 



1. Object and fundamentals of interference microscopy 94 



2. Fundamentals of two-wave interference microscopes 94 



3. Dyson's interference microscope 97 



4. Leitz's interference microscope 101 



5. Polarization interference microscopes 103 



6. Theoretical principle of polarizing interference microscopes 104 



7. Smith's full image duplication interference microscope 110 



8. Frangon's compensated interference eyepiece 113 



9. L. P. Johansson's interferometer eyepiece 117 



10. Nomarski's interference microscope 118 



11. Axial image duplication interference microscopes 120 



12. Multi-wave interference microscopes 122 



13. Menzel's interference microscope 127 



14. Sensitivity of interference microscopes 128 



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