234 



PROGRESS IN MICROSCOPY 



2300 to 4360 A range (Fig. 9.8). The objective is of the immersion 

 type and comprises a hemispherical lens (I). The intermediate image 

 A[ is formed after reflection has taken place on the two reflecting 

 elements (2) and (3) and, next, travels through the two doublets (4) 



^3 



(5) 



Fig. 9.8. Nomarski and Bernstein reflecting objective. 



Fig. 9.9. Solid reflecting objective (D. D. Maksutov). 



and (5) to form the eyepiece-observed image A!,. A small field dia- 

 phragm is provided at A[ to eliminate stray light. The occlusion 

 ratio is 0-30. 



D. D. Maksutov designed and developed the first one-piece systems. 

 (Fig. 9.9.) These objectives, called "solid objectives", were investigated 

 later by C. G. Wayne and R. L. Drew. 



