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Weismann, 312. Germ-cells and body cells, 312. The hered- 

 itary substance is the germ-plasm, 312. It embodies all the past 

 history of protoplasm, 312. The more precise investigation of 

 the material basis of inheritance, 312. The nucleus of "ells, 312. 

 The chromosomes, 313. The fertilized ovum, the starting-point 

 of new organisms, 314. Behavior of the nucleus during division, 

 314. The mixture of parental qualities in the chromosomes, 314. 

 Prelocalized areas in the protoplasm of the egg, 315. The in- 

 heritance of acquired characteristics, 315. The application of 

 statistical methods and experiments to the study of heredity, 315. 

 Mendel's important discovery of alternative inheritance, 317. 

 Francis Galton, 31Q. Karl Pearson, 321. Experiments on in- 

 heritance, 321. 



CHAPTER XV 



The Science of Fossil Remains, . 322 



Extinct forms of life, 322. Strange views regarding fossils, 322. 

 Freaks of nature, 323. Mystical explanations, 323. Large bones 

 supposed to be those of giants, 324. Determination of the nature 

 of fossils by Steno, 324. Fossil deposits ascribed to the Flood, 

 325. Mosaic deluge regarded as of universal extent, 326. The 

 comparison of fossil and living animals of great importance, 327. 

 Cuvier the founder of vertebrate palaeontology. 327. Lamarck 

 founds invertebrate palaeontology, 3 28. Lamarck 's conception of 

 the meaning of fossils more scientific than Cuvier 's, 329. The 

 arrangement of fossils in strata, 330. William Smith, 330. Sum- 

 mary of the growth of the science of fossil life, 330. Fossil re- 

 mains as an index to the past history of the earth, 332. Epoch- 

 making work of Charles Lyell, 332. Effect of the doctrine of 

 organic evolution on palaeontology, 334. Richard Owen's 

 studies on fossil animals, 334. Agassiz and the parallelism be- 

 tween fossil forms of life and stages in the development of 

 animals, 336. Huxley'sgeological work, 337. Leidy, 339. Cope, 

 339. Marsh, 340. Carl Zittel's writings and influence, 340. 

 Henry F. Osborn, 341. Method of collecting fossils, 342. Fossil 

 remains of man, 342. Discoveries in the Fay{im district of 

 Africa, 343. 



