158 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 



In 1827 he introduced into biology the fruitful idea of the divi- 

 sion of physiological labor. He completed and published 

 excellent researches upon the structure and development of 

 many animals, notably Crustacea, corals, etc. His Vvork on 

 comparative anatomy took the form of explanations of the 

 activities of animals, or comparative physiology. His com- 

 prehensive treatise Legons sur la Physiologie et rAnatomie 

 Comparee, in fourteen volumes, 1857-1881, is a mine of 

 information regarding comparative anatomy as v/ell as the 

 physiology of organisms. 



Lacaze-Duthiers. — Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (182 1- 

 1 901), the man of comprehensive mind, stimulating as an 

 instructor of young men, inspiring other workers, and pro- 

 ducing a large amount of original research on his own ac- 

 count, director of the Seaside Stations atRoscoff and Banyuls, 

 the founder of a noteworthy periodical of experimental zool- 

 ogy — this great man, whose portrait is shown *in Fig. 44, was 

 one of the leading comparative anatomists in France. 



R. Owen. — In England Richard Owen (1804-1892) carried 

 on the influence of Cuvier. At the age of twenty-seven he 

 went to Paris and renewed acquaintance with the great Cuvier, 

 whom he had met the previous year in England. He spent 

 some time at the Jardin des Plantes examining the extensive 

 collections in the museum. Although the idea was repudiated 

 by Owen and some of his friends, it is not unlikely that the 

 collections of fossil animals and the researches upon them 

 which engaged Cuvier at that time had great influence upon 

 the subsequent studies of Owen. Although he never studied 

 under Cuvier, in a sense he may be regarded as his disciple. 

 Owen introduced into anatomy the important conceptions 

 of analogy and homology, the former being a likeness based 

 upon the use to which organs are put, as the wing of a butter- 

 fly and the wing of a bat; while homology is a true relation- 

 ship founded on likeness in structure and development, as 



